User:Dnmoren/Prune dwarf virus

Prune dwarf virus (PDV) is an economically important plant pathogenic virus affecting Prunus species globally. PDV is found worldwide due to easy transmission through seed, pollen, and vegetative propagation. The virus is in the family Bromoviridae an important family of plant RNA viruses containing six genera, including Alfamovirus, Ilarvirus, Bromovirus, Amularvirus, Oleavirus, and Cucumovirus. PDV belongs to the genera Ilarvirus. It can cause dwarfism of leaves on certain prune and plum plants. It will also cause yellows in sour cherry, especially when present with prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV). There are no known transmission vectors, though the pollen of infected cherry trees has been found to infect other cherry trees a small percentage of the time.

Hosts and symptoms
All cultivated species of the genus Prunus including plums, cherries (sour and sweet), almonds, peaches, and apricots, are susceptible to PDV.

PDV causes more damage to Prunus than PNRSV. Symptoms are variable and depend on climate, virus isolates, host species, and cultivar. Common symptoms of PDV are stunting the tree, necrosis, and chlorosis.

Symptoms of PDV in peach include darker green foliage, rosette formation in developing shoots, shortened internodes, and reduction in plant and fruit growth.

Peach Stunt Disease
PDV and PNRSV are the most common viruses affecting peach in the southeastern US. PDV and PNRSV can cause disease independently of each other or can co-infect, resulting in a synergistic interaction causing a distinct dwarfing disease called peach stunt. Peach stunt disease symptoms include stunting, defoliation, reduced fruit yield, reduction in trunk circumference, and doubled production of water sprouts.

Genome
PDV is a tripartite and non-enveloped with bacilliform or icosahedral geometries. The genome is composed of three-segmented positive sense single-stranded (ss) RNA. These genomes are individually packaged into and composed of RNA 1, RNA 2, and RNA 3. RNA 1 and RNA 2 are monocistronic, only have a single ORF, and code for viral replicase proteins P1 and P2, respectively. In contrast, RNA 3 is bicistronic, has two ORFs, and encodes the movement protein (MP or P3) and the viral coat protein (CP). The RNA 1 encodes the helices and methyltransferase. The P2 of RNA 2 carries out RNA-dependent RNA polymerization. In ilarviruses the CP is expressed by a subgenomic RNA 4 produced by the RNA 3, which gets translated into CP. The early function of CP is required for genome activation and was observed in the 1970s by inoculum containing a combination of genomic RNAs of apple mosaic virus (ApMV) and other ilarviruses that could not establish infection without the addition of the CP. Each RNA encodes proteins that are essential for systemic plant infection.

Phylogeny
A phylogenetic study based on recombinant-free MP and CP sequences clustered global PDV isolates into three main groups. However, the phylogenetic trees based on P1 and P2 regions did not share the similar topology of MP and CP. Additional P1 and P2 sequences are still in need to fully understand PDV evolution.

Lead
Prune dwarf virus (PDV) is an economically important plant pathogenic virus affecting Prunus species globally. PDV is found worldwide due to easy transmission through seed, pollen, and vegetative propagation. The virus is in the family Bromoviridae an important family of plant RNA viruses containing six genera, including Alfamovirus, Ilarvirus, Bromovirus, Amularvirus, Oleavirus, and Cucumovirus. PDV belongs to the genera Ilarvirus. It can cause dwarfism of leaves on certain prune and plum plants. It will also cause yellows in sour cherry, especially when present with prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV). PDV and PNRSV are known to co-infect. There are no known transmission vectors, though the pollen of infected cherry trees has been found to infect other cherry trees a small percentage of the time.

Genome
PDV is a tripartite and non-enveloped with bacilliform or icosahedral geometries. The genome is composed of three-segmented positive sense single-stranded (ss) RNA. These genomes are individually packaged into and composed of RNA 1, RNA 2, and RNA 3. RNA 1 and RNA 2 are monocistronic, only have a single ORF, and code for viral replicase proteins P1 and P2, respectively. In contrast, RNA 3 is bicistronic, has two ORFs, and encodes the movement protein (MP or P3) and the viral coat protein (CP). The RNA 1 encodes the helices and methyltransferase. The P2 of RNA 2 carries out RNA-dependent RNA polymerization. In ilarviruses the CP is expressed by a subgenomic RNA 4 produced by the RNA 3, which gets translated into CP. The early function of CP is required for genome activation and was observed in the 1970s by inoculum containing a combination of genomic RNAs of apple mosaic virus (ApMV) and other ilarviruses that could not establish infection without the addition of the CP. Each RNA encodes proteins that are essential for systemic plant infection.

Hosts and symptoms
All cultivated species of the genus Prunus including plums, cherries (sour and sweet), almonds, peaches, and apricots, are susceptible to PDV.

PDV causes more damage to Prunus than PNRSV. Symptoms are variable and depend on climate, virus isolates, host species, and cultivar. Common symptoms of PDV are stunting the tree, necrosis, and chlorosis.

Symptoms of PDV in peach include darker green foliage, rosette formation in developing shoots, shortened internodes, and reduction in plant and fruit growth.

Peach Stunt Disease
PDV and PNRSV are the most common viruses affecting peach in the Southeastern US. PDV and PNRSV can cause disease independently of each other or can co-infect, resulting in a synergistic interaction causing a distinct dwarfing disease called peach stunt. Peach stunt disease symptoms include stunting, defoliation, reduced fruit yield, reduction in trunk circumference, and doubled production of water sprouts.

Genome
PDV is a tripartite and non-enveloped with bacilliform or icosahedral geometries. The genome is composed of three-segmented positive sense single-stranded (ss) RNA. These genomes are individually packaged into and composed of RNA 1, RNA 2, and RNA 3. RNA 1 and RNA 2 are monocistronic, only have a single ORF, and code for viral replicase proteins P1 and P2, respectively. In contrast, RNA 3 is bicistronic, has two ORFs, and encodes the movement protein (MP or P3) and the viral coat protein (CP).

Phylogeny
A phylogenetic study based on recombinant-free MP and CP sequences clustered global PDV isolates into three main groups. However, the phylogenetic trees based on P1 and P2 regions did not share the similar topology of MP and CP. Additional P1 and P2 sequences are still in need to fully understand PDV evolution.