User:Donald Trung/Domain of the Crown (皇朝疆土)

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Domain of the Crown" and is preserved for attribution.
 * https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domain_of_the_Crown&oldid=1017635356 ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:23, 13 April 2021 (UTC).

Original draft
The Domain of the Crown (Vietnamese: Hoàng triều Cương thổ (皇朝疆土); French: Domaine de la Couronne; Modern Vietnamese: Đất của vua) was originally the Nguyễn dynasty's geopolitical concept for its protectorates and principalities where the Kinh ethnic group didn't make up the majority, later it became a type of administrative unit of the State of Vietnam. It was officially established on 15 April 1950. In the areas of the Domain of the Crown Chief of State Bảo Đại was still officially (and legally) titled as the "Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty".

The Domain of the Crown was established to preserve French interests in French Indochina and to limit Kinh immigration into predominantly minority areas halting Vietnamese influence in these regions while preserving the influences of both French colonists and indigenous rulers.

After the 1954 Geneva Conference the Domain of the Crown lost considerable amounts of territory, as the entirety of Bắc phần was ceded to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, reducing it only to Tây Nguyên. On 11 March 1955 Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm dissolved the Domain of the Crown reducing both the power of the Chief of State Bảo Đại and the French directly annexing these areas into the State of Vietnam as the region that would later become Cao nguyên Trung phần in the Republic of Vietnam.

Background


During the Nguyễn dynasty period (1802–1945) ethnic minorities retained a level of autonomy and their tribal societies and principalities were a part of what was considered to be the "Domain of the Crown" as an informal division.

This Domain included the Montagnard territories of Central Vietnam. The Champa Kingdom and the	Chams in the lowlands of Central Vietnam were traditional suzerains whom the Montagnards in the highlands acknowledged as their lords, while autonomy was held by the Montagnards. After 1945, concept of "Nam tiến" (the southward expansion of Vietnam) was celebrated by Vietnamese scholars. The Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois (or "Montagnard country of South Indochina") was the name of the Central Highlands from 1946 under French Indochina. Up until French rule, the Central Highlands was almost never entered by the Vietnamese since they viewed it as a savage (Mọi) populated area with fierce animals like tigers, "poisoned water" and "evil malevolent spirits." The Vietnamese expressed interest in the land after the French transformed it into a profitable plantation area to grow crops on, in addition to the natural resources from the forests, minerals and rich earth and realisation of its crucial geographical importance.

Furthermore, the Domain would include areas in Northern Vietnam populated by various ethnic minorities, primarily Tai peoples. Even though the upland Tai had stronger ethnic and cultural ties to Laos, Sip Song Chau Tai was incorporated into the French protectorate of Tonkin—and therefore French Indochina—after the year 1888. This was arranged by the French explorer and colonial representative Auguste Pavie who signed a treaty with Đèo Văn Trị, the White Tai lord of Muang Lay (Lai Châu) on 7 April 1889. Thereby the Sip Song Chau Tai accepted the French overlordship, while the colonial power promised to respect the positions of the Tai lords and their autonomy in internal affairs.

Following the abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty and the subsequent Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 the French sought to regain the pre-war status quo in French Indochina after the Japanese surrender and tried reinstalling Bảo Đại. After months of negotiations with French President Vincent Auriol, he finally signed the Élysée Accords on 9 March 1949, which led to the establishment of the State of Vietnam with Bảo Đại as Chief of State. However, the country was still only partially autonomous, with France initially retaining effective control of the army and foreign relations. Bảo Đại himself stated in 1950: "What they call a Bảo Đại solution turned out to be just a French solution... the situation in Indochina is getting worse every day".

History


On May 30, 1949, the French delegated the authority to manage the Central Highlands from the Montagnard country of South Indochina to the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam. Chief of State Bảo Đại separated the Central Highlands from the central government and established a special administrative system called the Domain of the Crown within the State of Vietnam as crownlands of Bảo Đại through Dụ số 6/QT/TG on 15 April 1950. In this area, Bảo Đại held both the titles of "Chief of State" (國長, Quốc trưởng) and "Emperor" (皇帝, Hoàng Đế). In Central Vietnam (Trung phần) the Domain of the Crown was assigned 5 provinces and in Northern Vietnam (Bắc phần) it received 11.

The leader of the Domain of the Crown was entitled the Khâm mạng Hoàng triều and the first Khâm mạng Hoàng triều was Nguyễn Đệ, who was previously general manager for the Chief of State. Despite this, all actual decisions regarding the administration of Cao nguyên were made by the Commissioner of Annam (Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ, Resident-Superior of Annam).

According to the agreement between French President Vincent Auriol and the State of Vietnam, after the French ceded control over the Montagnard country of South Indochina to the Vietnamese, the autonomous status of the ethnic minorities would be subject to separate regulations and would continue to fall under special protection from the French Government. Therefore, when promulgating a law, the government of the State of Vietnam must have an agreement from France in order to pass it.

According to a letter written by the French President Vincent Auriol the areas populated by the ethnic minorities should be seen as "the private property of the Emperor of Annam" rather than belonging to the Vietnamese state. According to the book Cựu hoàng Bảo Đại written by Hoàng Trọng Miên the Domain of the Crown was created by Bảo Đại in response to a lament uttered by his mother Empress Dowager Từ Cung, where he stated: "Well, at some point, my mother and daughter will have no land to dwell in this country!". In his own memoires Bảo Đại wrote that the creation of the Domain of the Crown was suggested to him by Léon Pignon in Paris who argued that the lands of ethnic minorities were never directly administered by the imperial court of the Nguyễn dynasty and could be assigned to the Chief of State in order to help the unification of Vietnam. Bảo Đại claimed that he accepted the proposal because he believed that he could help in the ethnic minority tribes in their development and enjoy the serene environment of the territories.

Dụ số 6/QT/TG also specified Đà Lạt as the capital city of the Domain of the Crown. Đà Lạt was created as special resort city and the French hoped to develop it into "a European-style city in the Orient" that would ease the homesickness of the French colonists. Đà Lạt was ambitiously built with many large architectural projects in the hopes of making it the capital city of French Indochina by the 1940s. The return of Bảo Đại made Đà Lạt change its face as the capital city of of Domain of the Crown. On 10 November 1950 Bảo Đại issued Dụ số 4/QT-TG which separated the administration of the city from Lâm Viên Province giving it the status of "independent township" (Thành thị xã độc lập) where the mayor would be directly appointed by the Chief of State of Vietnam. Only two mayors were appointed during the Domain of the Crown period, namely Trần Đình Quế and Cao Minh Hiệu. Đà Lạt was also the headquarters of the Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage (SDECE) as well as British and American intelligence services such as the CIA during this period and Bảo Đại had to report to the SDECE.

On 21 May 1951, Chief of State Bảo Đại issued Quy chế 16 which contained the following regulations related to highland areas of the Domain of the Crown:


 * 1) The interests of the State of Vietnam should be aligned with interests of the ethnic minorities (Sắc tộc thiểu số).
 * 2) Cao nguyên belongs to the Chief of State.
 * 3) Montagnards need to participate in development of Cao nguyên.
 * 4) The government of the State of Vietnam should respect the tribal system and the culture of the Montagnards.
 * 5) The establishment of an economic council for Cao nguyên (Hội đồng Kinh tế).
 * 6) The establishment of an Upper Court of Customs for Cao nguyên (Tòa án Phong tục Thượng).
 * 7) To guarantee land ownership of the Montagnards.
 * 8) To develop the structure of social services in Cao nguyên, such as healthcare and education.
 * 9) The establishment of a separate military unit for the Montagnards with priority given to serving in and protecting Cao nguyên.

These regulations were heavily criticised by the Vietnamese for giving too much power to the French, especially after an economic council was established that was heavily influenced by French planters working to preserve their interests. Furthermore, the Domain of the Crown was criticised for limiting Kinh immigration and maintaining the French colonial structures and administrators, as the French President Vincent Auriol retained a lot of powers in the domain. In the provinces of Kontum, Pleiku, and	Darlac the old French colonial administrators remained in power. In fact, in the central highlands the Khâm mạng was Colonel Pierre Didelot, the husband of Agnès Nguyễn Hữu Hào making him the brother-in-law of empress consort Nam Phương.

After enacting Quy chế 16, Bảo Đại and High Commissioner Léon Pignon attended a ceremony in Buôn Mê Thuột, Đắk Lắk Province, to receive the symbol of the lands of the "Domain of the Crown" and took the oath of the chiefs of the Southern Montagnards. In his book "The Dragon of Vietnam" (Con rồng Việt Nam) written by Bảo Đại as his memoirs, he recorded: "Personally, I am worshiped by them, for the Emperor is the king of the gods who protects their forests and plains".

In the Domain of the Crown all aspects of society were strictly managed. All activities from building houses to the felling trees required a government license to be carried out.

According to records from June 1953 the imperial government of the Domain of the Crown sought to develop the societies of the ethnic minorities into a more modernised state and increase their population through development. While the central government of the State of Vietnam hoped to use the more sparsely populated crown lands to settle people from the overpopulated areas of Central and Northern Vietnam from.

The headquarters of the Chief of State Bảo Đại was situated in a building entitled "Palace I" (Dinh I), this is a palace of 60 hectares created in 1940 using French money and was designed and constructed by Robert Clément Bougery, following its acquisition by Bảo Đại it was renovated.

On 10 August 10 1954, the special status of the Domain of the Crown within the State of Vietnam was abolished. On 11 March 1955 Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm signed Dụ số 21 formally abolishing the Domain of the Crown as a separate entity altogether. Chief of State Bảo Đại accepted the signed Dụ số 21 into law and the leftover areas of the Domain of the Crown were formally annexed into Trung phần.

On 24 March 1955 a ceremony was held in front of Kontum Administrative Court, with the presence of thousands of ethnic minorities where the Chief of State Bảo Đại read the declaration which formally ended the 4 year and 11 month existence of the Domain of the Crown.

After the end of the abolition of the Crown, Ngô Đình Diệm enacted new policies that allowed Kinh people to settle in the region and to freely conduct business there. Furthermore, Ngô abolished many specific regulations dating to the French and Nguyễn dynasty period that limited Kinh interests in Cao nguyên.

Provinces
The Domain of the Crown contained the following five provinces which were established from the former Montagnard country of South Indochina:


 * 1) Đồng Nai Thượng
 * 2) Lâm Viên
 * 3) Pleiku
 * 4) Darlac
 * 5) Kontum

In Bắc Việt, later Bắc phần, it contained the following provinces:


 * 1) Hòa Bình (Mường Autonomous Territory)
 * 2) Phong Thổ (Thái Autonomous Territory)
 * 3) Lai Châu (Thái Autonomous Territory)
 * 4) Sơn La (Thái Autonomous Territory)
 * 5) Lào Kay (Mèo Autonomous Territory)
 * 6) Hà Giang (Mèo Autonomous Territory)
 * 7) Bắc Kạn (Thổ Autonomous Territory)
 * 8) Cao Bằng (Thổ Autonomous Territory)
 * 9) Lạng Sơn (Thổ Autonomous Territory)
 * 10) Hải Ninh (Nùng Autonomous Territory)
 * 11) Móng Cái (Nùng Autonomous Territory)

Standard reference templates

 * August 2021.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * July 2021.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * June 2021.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * May 2021.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * April 2021.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * February 2021.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * February 2021.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * January 2021.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * December 2020.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * October 2020.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * November 2020.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * September 2020.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * August 2020.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.








 * July 2020.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.






 * June 2020.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.






 * May 2020.




 * No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.






 * April 2020.










 * March 2020.






 * February 2020.






 * January 2020.






 * December 2019.





To use














Redirects

 * 1) REDIRECT Domain of the Crown


 * 1) Domain of the crown.
 * 2) Domaine of the Crown.
 * 3) Domaine of the crown.
 * 4) Domains of the Crown.
 * 5) Domains of the crown.
 * 6) Domain of the Crown (Vietnam).
 * 7) Domain of the Crown (State of Vietnam).
 * 8) 皇朝疆土.
 * 9) Hoàng triều Cương thổ.
 * 10) Domaine de la Couronne.
 * 11) Crown domain of the Vietnamese Emperor.
 * 12) Vietnamese crownlands.
 * 13) Vietnamese crown lands.
 * 14) Crown lands of Vietnam.
 * 15) Crownlands of Vietnam.

Informational sources

 * https://m.trithucvn.org/van-hoa/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho.html
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:58, 13 April 2021 (UTC).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:58, 13 April 2021 (UTC).


 * https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-620145/
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:50, 13 April 2021 (UTC).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:50, 13 April 2021 (UTC).


 * https://nhandan.com.vn/baothoinay-hosotulieu/hoang-de-man-trieu-va-hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-619761/
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:18, 13 April 2021 (UTC).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:18, 13 April 2021 (UTC).


 * https://halodalat.com.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho/
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 18:50, 13 April 2021 (UTC).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 18:50, 13 April 2021 (UTC).


 * https://m.sggp.org.vn/hoang-trieu-cuong-tho-nghia-la-gi-127899.html
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 16:14, 13 April 2021 (UTC).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 16:14, 13 April 2021 (UTC).