User:Donald Trung/Lead cash coins (鉛錢)

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Qianqian" (鉛錢), among others, and is preserved for attribution.
 * https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qianqian&oldid=1171468538 ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 08:10, 21 August 2023 (UTC).

Original draft
Lead cash coins (Vietnamese: Duyên tiền; Japanese: 鉛銭 (なまりせん); Rōmaji: Namarisen) are a type of Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese cash coin that were produced at various times during the monetary history of imperial China, Japan, and Vietnam. Typically cash coins produced in China between between 300 BC and 1505 AD were made of bronze and those produced after 1505 AD were made of brass. But, like with iron cash coins, at times when copper was scarce government authorities would produce lead cash coins in order to supplement the money supply and maintain market liquidity.

The production of lead cash coins predominantly happened in regions where large quantities of lead were mined, namely southern China and the Tōhoku region in northern Honshu.

China is the first country in the world to issue lead coins, though when the first lead coins were produced remains controversial as it is commonly believed that the first lead coins in the world were the small Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寳) cash coins produced during the reign of King Wang Shenzhi of the Min Kingdom (Fujian) in 916. However, some claim that the production of lead coins was actually started a millennium earlier during the Zhou dynasty period.

Lead cash coins were also produced in what is today Indonesia by groups of Overseas Chinese living in the archipelago. The production of lead cash coins in Indonesia happened alongside tin and copper-alloy cash coins.

Overview
Iron cash coins and lead cash coins were often used in cases when there was an insufficient supply of copper. Because of how soft lead is, most lead cash coins that are found today tend to be very worn.

Lead cash coins have only been produced at a few times in the monetary history of china, mainly during the Five dynasties and Ten kingdoms period. In some cases the usage of certain types of materials to produce cash coins are only more recently discovered due to the lack of historical records mentioning them. In some cases modern economic historians mention that they existed but don't go into much detail about them, for example Peng Xinwei mentions that lead and iron cash coins but doesn't mention much about them, only writing that the King of Chu was advised to use iron and lead because it was available in large amounts. It has only been since more recent times that the fact that the Song dynasty had attempted to produce lead cash coins been discovered. Because of this almost no Chinese coin catalogues list their existence while they have mentioned in works such as the ''Meng Guohua: Guilin Faxian Qian Xi Hejin Qian. Zhongguo Qianbi No. 3. 1994 (Vol. 46.)'' which deal with the topic.

Besides official coins, counterfeit cash coins would often employ official inscriptions, like Yongzheng Tongbao (雍正通寳), but be made entirely out of lead.

Han dynasty
In a 2005 article in the numismatic journal Xinjiang Numismatics (新疆钱币), it was reported that a number of lead cash coins dating to the Western Han dynasty period were uncovered in a small village in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

Tang dynasty
Between 1982 and 2002 the numismatic researcher Qian Boquan (钱伯泉) collected over 5 lead Dali Yuanbao (大曆元寳) cash coins on the Ürümqi coin market. In a 2002 article in the numismatic journal Xinjiang Numismatics (新疆钱币), Qian Boquan reported that these lead Dali Yuanbao vary in size and weight. They range from having a diameter of 26 to 29 millimeters, a thickness of 4 to 5 millimeters, and a weight of 5.7 to 7.8 grams. The obverse and reverse of each cash coin is filled with a yellow-white alkaline patina.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
According to Yang Lien-sheng, from the year 916 lead cash coins were being cast in what is today Fujian, this was followed by the production of iron cash coins shortly afterwards. After this was pioneered in the Fujian region it was adopted by the neighbouring dynasties and kingdoms. During this period bronze cash coins would continue to remain the dominant currency of the countryside, while iron and lead cash coins were widely being circulated in urban areas.

This was a good method to balance imports and exports because foreign tradesmen and merchants could not use the iron and lead cash coins they received as payment in other states, forcing them to spend them locally before they left.

At times, lead cash coins dated to this period are found bearing Inscriptions of which seem to have been omitted from the historical records, for example a lead Guangzheng Tongbao (廣政通寳) cash coin attributed to the Later Shu.

Min Kingdom
In the year 916, Wang Shenzhi, King of the Min Kingdom began to make lead cash coins, and thereafter, lead coins were circulated along with the traditional copper-alloy coins. This series of small lead coins bore the inscription Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寳) on their obverse sides and either had the character Min (閩), Fu (福), or Yin (殷), above the square central hole, on their reverse sides. Some of these lead coins have a crescent below and/or a dot on the left of the square central hole. These cash coins were minted in what is today Ninghua County, Sanming, Fujian after deposits of lead were discovered in the area. These cash coins are collectively referred to as "Min Kaiyuan lead cash coins" (閩開元鉛錢, 闽开元铅钱) by modern Chinese numismatists, and thanks to archeological findings a larger number of variants have been uncovered than was first believed to exist.

In the Kingdom of Min a single bronze Yonglong Tongbao (永隆通寳) was valued at 10 small cash coins and as much as 100 lead cash coins.

Ma Chu
The minister Gao Yu advised King Wumu of Chu to cast lead and iron cash coins at Changsha in 925, this was because of the abundance of lead and iron in the Hunan region. 1 lead or iron cash coin was nominally worth 10 copper-alloy cash coins, though their region of circulation was largely confined to Changsha. In Changsha the merchants would trade these coins which only benefited the government of the Kingdom of Chu.

The small lead cash coins said to have been cast by this kingdom bore the Inscriptions Qianfeng Quanbao (乾封泉寶) and Qianyuan Zhongbao (乾元重寳), inscriptions previously used by the Tang dynasty for bronze cash coins. Bronze cash coins with this same inscription dated to this period are sometimes attributed to have been produced during the reign of King Wumu, but their usage may have been as funerary items rather than as circulation currency.

In the year 929, the government of the Chu Kingdom officially fixed the value of a lead cash coin as $1/undefined$ of a bronze cash coin. Later, in 962, the royal government issued a decree stipulating that lead cash coins should circulate in urban areas, while bronze cash coins should circulate in the countryside. Those who did not obey this decree risked facing the death penalty.

Southern Tang Kingdom
The Southern Tang Kingdom issued a lead version of the Tangguo Tongbao (唐國通寳), an inscription which was also used for bronze and iron cash coins.

Southern Han Kingdom
The Southern Han issued a number of lead cash coins during its existence. The first series of lead cash coins attributed to this kingdom had the inscription Kaiping Yuanbao (開平元寳) and is attributed to the kingdom's founder, Liu Yin. These cash coins were possible cast to commemorate a Liang dynasty period title.

Another series of lead cash coins, that also had bronze equivalents, was the Qianheng Zhongbao (乾亨重寳). Some of these contained the traditional Chinese character "Yong" (邕) on their reverse side.

Crude lead coins
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period a number of small, poorly made, illiterately written lead cash coins circulated in the Southern Han and Chu area. The origins of these cash coins remain unknown. Chinese characters and inscriptions found on these crude coins are often reversed because the incompetent workmen had not mastered the art of engraving in negative to make the coin moulds. Some specimens of these crude coins likewise have meaningless and nonsensical characters and inscriptions.

These crude lead coins exhibit a great variety due to the incompetence of the workmen, in some instances the character "Kai" (開), as in "Kaiyuan Tongbao", appears to be a "Yong" (用).

Due to their crudeness it is evident that these cash coins were not officially government issued coins, but privately produced coins likely made by merchants or the people.

Song dynasty


Until relatively recently, it wasn't known that the imperial government of the Song dynasty had attempted several times to create lead cash coins.

In a 2011 article in the numismatic journal Jiangsu Numismatics (江苏钱币), numismatic researcher Pan Guorong (潘国荣) described a lead Zhenghe Tongbao (政和通寳) cash coin issued during the reign of Emperor Huizong. The coin had a diameter of 25 millimeters, a thickness of 1.3 millimeters, and a weight of 4.2 grams. Pan Guorong noted that the shape, style, text, and weight were all similar to the regular issues with the same inscript. Pan stated that these characteristics all indicate that this was an official casting and after comparative analysis by a number of other experts in the field it was concluded that this previously unknown lead cash coin is indeed undoubtedly genuine.

Qing dynasty
It was reported in the records of the Qing dynasty that lead cash coins were minted for a brief period in the year 1854, although it seems that these lead cash coins were never actually introduced into the Chinese market and therefore did not circulate.

This happened in the context of a monetary crisis where the Qing dynasty government introduced a large number of different types of cash coins, including large denomination cash coins, iron cash coins, and zinc cash coins.

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Two series of privately-issued lead cash coins, one with the inscription "Shengji Zuoyong" (生記作用), the other with the inscription "Hengji Dangshi" (亨記當十), are said to have circulated as an alternative currency in the Jiaxing Prefecture, Zhejiang Province during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom period, following the occupation of the region by the rebel government. Following the establishment of the central government Minting Bureau to issue its own holy currency the lead cash coins were recalled to be melted down. However, a few people did not exchange these lead cash coins to the royal government and a small number of them have been preserved to this day.

According to insiders of the soy sauce making industry, the companies that operated the Shengji (生記) and Hengji (亨記) soy bean gardens had a large business scope during the Qing dynasty period and were also in the business of producing wine, wheat, beans, and rice, in order to do this they produced utensils made out of tin and lead. Because these two shops were equipped with tin and lead tools and the right equipment to produce lead tools, the lead cash coins produced by them is so well made. During the end of the Qing dynasty period, the people from the Jiaxing region also collected a lot of money from the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, including the locally produced lead cash coins that served as an alternative currency, leading them to be preserved quite well by the time an article was written about them in the Cultural Relics (文物) journal in 1959.

Nguyễn lords
There is a lead cash coin with the inscription Thiên Minh Thông Bảo (天明通寳) produced in the Quảng Nam province. These cash coins are attributed to the Nguyễn lords during the reign of the Thế tông Hiếu vũ Hoàng đế (lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát).

Nguyễn dynasty
In his 1882 book Annam and its Minor Currency (pdf), the Spanish (Catalan) Egyptologist Eduardo Toda y Güell reported on the circulation of lead cash coins introduced during the Nguyễn dynasty with the inscriptions Gia Long Thông Bảo (嘉隆通寳), Thiệu Trị Thông Bảo (紹治通寳), and Tự Đức Thông Bảo (嗣德通寳). Toda wrote that "Nearly every kind of metal has been used in Annam in the manufacture of coins, and there are now in circulation coins made of gold, silver, copper, zinc, and lead; and up to within a short time ago there were also coins made of iron". According to Toda, the Gia Long Emperor was the first monarch to issue lead cash coins and that the value of a lead cash coin was even lower than that of a zinc cash coin, but that generally speaking Vietnamese people rarely used lead coins. There were no laws that regulated the different standards of copper, zinc, and lead cash coins and their value was completely dependent on what market decided. In international trade ports their price was dependent on the Mexican peso.

There were 2 versions of the lead Gia Long Thông Bảo cash coin, one with a plain reverse and one with the characters Thất phần (七分). The lead Thiệu Trị Thông Bảo is a small size cash coin with a plain reverse, cash coins of the same design were also made of copper and zinc. Toda attributed 2 lead cash coins to the reign of the Tự Đức Emperor, one was a small size one that also made in zinc and copper and another one with the characters Hà Nội (河內) on its reverse side, indicating its place of production.

Toda reported that during the Lê Văn Khôi revolt, the rebel forces under Lê Văn Khôi produced lead cash coins with the inscription Trị Nguyên Thông Bảo (治元通寳), these coins featured a crescent and a dot on the right and left of the square central hole on their reverse sides.

Local cash coins of the Bakumatsu
During the Bakumatsu the Sendai Domain, Echigo Province, Awa Province, and the Yonezawa Domain produced lead coins.

Sendai Domain
During the Bakumatsu the Sendai Domain produced lead cash coins using lead collected from the Hosokura mine. The lead cash coins produced by the Sendai domain were square in shape and had the inscription Hosokura tō hyaku (細倉當百), the Hosokura tō hyaku is said to have been used to pay the salaries of craftsmen in the mine. The reverse side of these cash coins contain a stylised character that is said to be the kaō of Fujiwara no Hidehira. It seems almost certain that lead from the Hosokura mine was used, and the results of lead isotope ratio measurements support this. During this same period the Sendai Domain circlated a square iron cash coin with the inscription Sendai Tsūhō (仙臺通寳).

Yonezawa Domain
The Yonezawa Domain issued lead cash coins known as Seisankyoku-ensen (生産局鉛銭), these were minted in the Dewa Province, probably sometime around 1866. At this time, the Samurai class of this domain found their occupation gone, which caused great distress for many of them. A society to aid and supervision these samurai was formed under the local government, and these heavy lead coins were issued to these samurai as a form of government sponsored aid. These cash coins were either oval or square and had the inscription Ka-nihyaku (價二百) written in regular script, indicating that they had a nominal value of 200 mon. The Inscription of this lead cash coin further includes 4 vertically written characters, on the right of the square central hole, indicating coin's weight in Japanese units reading Sanjūyon-monme (三十四匁, 34 monme).

Hoards of lead cash coins

 * In December 1953, at the construction site of new buildings in the eastern suburbs of Guangzhou, construction workers employed by at the Mayugang (孖鱼冈) new village construction site discovered a pile of lead Qianheng Zhongbao (乾亨重寳) cash coins, weighing as much as 20 catties, was found buried in a small underground pit. No ancient tombs or other artifacts were found. The construction workers took out the coins and sent them to the Municipal Cultural Management Committee for preservation. This would prove the first discovery, as between December 1953 and 1958 a total of a total of 1200 catties worth of lead cash coins dated to the Southern Han period would be unearthed in Guangzhou.


 * In 1980, when the Administrative Office of the General Office of the Guangdong Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China was carrying out residential construction in Meihua Village (梅花村), Dongshan District (东山), Guangzhou City (广州市) in the Guangdong province, a four-eared black-glazed pot weighing about 20 kg was found 1.2 meters below the ground. The pot contained a batch of lead cash coins with the inscription Qianheng Zhongbao (乾亨重寳) dated to the Southern Han Kingdom. The lead cash coins were placed vertically and bonded together inside of the pot and all of them suffered from corrosion. All lead cash coins in the hoard seem to be divided into two specifications, one with a diameter of 2.5-2.6 cm, and the other with a diameter of 2.5-2.7 cm. The reverse sides of all these cash coins are blank. The thickness of the cash coins is uneven, and their casting quality is very poor.


 * In 2003, Ziquan Neihua (兹泉内化) copper-alloy coins and a number of lead cash coins were found in the ancient ruins of the Taklamakan Desert in Luopu County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

Chinese cash coins
Research by the British Museum found that cash coins were always leaded, the usage of leaded copper was found to be present in both bronze and brass alloys. Though the research indicated that the percentages of lead was remarkably lower in the brass alloys from the early 16th century onwards. An analysis of the lead content in Chinese cash coins from history revealed that the lead content typically ranges from 10% to 20%, with the highest recorded lead percentage being found in 12th and 13th century bronze cash coins standing at 30% (which occurred during a time period of severe copper scarcity). Meanwhile, the percentage of lead found in brass cash coins was on average 5%, typically ranging from 2% to 8%. Cao Jin (曹晉), a researcher at the Department of Chinese and Korean Studies, Tübingen University, in her paper Mints and Minting in Late Imperial China: Technology, Organisation and Problems pointed out that there were mainly 2 reasons for this, one of which was economic and the other technical. She noted that the addition of lead was cheaper than other metals such as tin, zinc, or using more copper as lead was relatively cheap compared to other metals. Furthermore, she noted that the technical reason was because of the fact that the addition of lead to copper-alloys boosted the fluidity of the melt, which facilitated the manufacturing process and qualitatively helped to improve the end result. Cao Jin further argued that a lower percentage of lead during later periods can be attributed to the fact that only 3% lead is needed in a copper-alloy for a desired level of fluidity, concluding that the presence of high percentages of lead can mostly be attributed to economic reasons for the earlier cash coins and for technical reasons during later periods when copper scarcity was less of an issue.

Japanese cash coins
Lead was used for the mintage of Japanese cash coins, this lead was sometimes domestically supplied and sometimes imported. During the ancient period until around the 8th century the lead was mostly collected from the Naganobori mine and its neighbouring mines in the Nagato Province. A limited quantity of lead was also collected from the Buzen Province, although it was rarely used. During the medieval period the majority of lead came from China, while Chinese lead was mostly used until the 14th century, Japanese lead would supersede its usage and Chinese lead would almost completely disappear, though small amounts of non-Chinese foreign lead would also be used. During the Edo period. Japanese lead was mostly used, in the latter half of the 17th century most lead used in the alloys of cash coins came from the Taishu mine on Tsushima island. A century later lead would be supplied from multiple places across Japan and eventually the mints would come to depend on the Tōhoku region to supply the lead used in the production of cash coins.

Catalogue numbers

 * Hartill = Cast Chinese Coins by David Hartill. Trafford, United Kingdom: Trafford Publishing. September 22, 2005. ISBN 978-1412054669.


 * FD = Fisher's Ding (丁), George A. Fisher's copy of Ding Fubao's (丁福保) original work catalogue, 1980, 251 pages.


 * Schjøth = "Chinese Currency, Currency of the Far East - A Comprehensive Text Chou Dynasty, 1122 B.C.–255 B.C. Through Ch'ing Dynasty 1644 A.D.–1911 A.D." by Fredrik Schjøth and Virgil Hancock, Oslow, Norway, 1929.


 * Hartill-Qing = Qing Cash (清代貨幣) by David Hartill, Royal Numismatic Society (2003).


 * Krause = C.L. Krause and C. Mishler, Standard Catalog of World Coins, Krause Publications, 1979.

2023

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 * September 2022.




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2021

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 * November 2021.




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 * October 2021.




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 * September 2021.




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 * August 2021.




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 * July 2021.




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 * June 2021.




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 * May 2021.




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 * April 2021.




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 * February 2021.




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2020

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 * November 2020.




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 * September 2020.




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 * August 2020.




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 * April 2020.










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2019

 * December 2019.





To use














Sources to use

 * https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%E9%89%9B%E9%8C%A2&btnG=


 * https://art-hanoi.com/toda/06 (Public domain).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:56, 19 August 2023 (UTC).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:56, 19 August 2023 (UTC).


 * https://art-hanoi.com/toda/20 (Public domain).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:56, 19 August 2023 (UTC).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:56, 19 August 2023 (UTC).


 * https://art-hanoi.com/toda/21 (Public domain).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:56, 19 August 2023 (UTC).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:56, 19 August 2023 (UTC).


 * http://chinesecoins.lyq.dk/othermaterials.html
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:01, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:01, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

Japanese sources

 * https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%E9%89%9B%E9%8A%AD&btnG=


 * 越後田塚鉛銭


 * 阿州鉛銭


 * 米沢藩
 * 生産局鉛銭

Cut sections

 * Kaiyuan Tongbao#Huichang era Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins| Vietnamese cash.


 * == Hoards of lead cash coins ==

Initially there was 0 (zero) lead cash coin hoards listed, then found one (1) in Kaogu.

Other Wikipedia articles

 * https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3


 * Tieqian.

Styles of calligraphy on cash coins

 * == Inscriptions and denominations ==


 * === Styles of calligraphy on cash coins ===

List of calligraphic styles and scripts on Chinese cash coins:

Styles of calligraphy on cash coins
List of calligraphic styles and scripts on Chinese cash coins:

Styles of calligraphy on cash coins (Sources)

 * https://chinesecoins.lyq.dk/calligraphy.html
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 15:10, 17 August 2023 (UTC).
 * ✅. --Donald Trung (talk) 15:10, 17 August 2023 (UTC).

Song Dynasty mintage figures


(CUT IMAGE).


 * == Mintage figures and money supply ==

Bronze cash coins
Bronze cash coins were produced is large amounts in the prior era of the Song, this can be partially explained due to population growth as the population grew from at least 32.000.000 people in 961 to at most 120.000.000 in 1193. For example, during the reign of Emperor Taizong 800.000 strings (or 800.000.000 cash coins) were cast, while during the reign of Emperor Yingzong the annual production rose to 3.000.000 strings.

By the time of the Jingkang incident the government of the Song dynasty had accumulated 98.000.000 strings, and that 30.000.000 strings circulated among people. This indicated that while a large number of cash coins were being produced during the Northern Song dynasty period, only some of them reached general circulation among the people. Even if the number of cash coins in strings was only around 800 per string, the total number of Song dynasty cash coins that was produced by the end of Song dynasty period would be around 90.000.000.000. However, an even larger number of cash coins was likely cast due to the fact that the currency of the Song dynasty had become the universal currency of the Far East at the time and a large number of cash coins was exported.

Meanwhile, the annual output of cash coins had greatly declined during the Southern Song dynasty period reaching only an average of 200.000 strings per year and often far less, this was due to a combination of both high minting costs and high mining costs. The copper shortage was so bad that it became a frequent event for the emperor to issue edicts demanding that private citizens would deliver all their copper-alloy utensils and other possessions to the mints. The copper shortage also meant that, compared to the cash coins of the Northern Song dynasty period, the Southern Song coinage contained 25% less copper.

The success of Northern Song dynasty cash coins domestically and internationally made it difficult, even at peak production, to produce a sufficient number of coins for the market, and to restore the elasticity of the money supply the government issued paper money to secure the payment of taxes.

Iron cash coins
Iron cash coins played an important role during the Song dynasty period and approximately 900.000.000 iron cash coins were produced annually. In 1080 there were 26 mints, 9 of them produced iron cash coins.

Most iron cash coins circulated in the south alongside bronze cash coins, but during the Southern Song dynasty period their circulation was supplemented with paper money alleviating the issues caused by the regional copper shortage. Meaning that while iron cash coins still circulated there during the Southern Song period, they were no longer as important as they were during the Northern Song period.

References and sources

 * Sources.



Xuanbian qian (旋邊錢) & Huoqi qian (火漆錢)

 * Xuanbian qian (旋邊錢), literally "lathed �rim cash coins", was a popular name (folk name) used during the Ming dynasty period to refer to cash coins produced in Yunnan and in Beijing, at the Baoyuanju Mint (寶源局), under the reign of the Jiajing Emperor that were polished using lathes known as xuàn chē (鏇車). These cash coins were stable, had a yellowish colour that contemporary sources describe as "beautiful", and round and smooth rims.


 * Xuanbian qian (旋邊錢), literally "lathed-rim cash coins", was a popular name (folk name) used during the Ming dynasty period to refer to cash coins produced in Yunnan and in Beijing, at the Baoyuanju Mint (寶源局), under the reign of the Jiajing Emperor that were polished using lathes known as xuàn chē (鏇車).  These cash coins were stable, had a yellowish colour that contemporary sources describe as "beautiful", and round and smooth rims.  '


 * Huoqi qian (火漆錢), literally "fire lacquer coins", refers to a Ming dynasty period type of cash coins that were produced by having a special lacquer applied to the coins during finishing aspect of the manufacturing process. The only evidence of their existence is mentioned in the Tiangong Kaiwu. A number of surviving late Ming dynasty cash coins are found to have certain amounts of black lacquer substance that is found at the lower parts between characters. This lacquer tends to make the design of the coins look a bit cleaner and was possibly only applied to enhance the beauty of the coins and as an anti-counterfeiting measure. As the alloys of Huoqi qian was different from unlacquered cash coins in circulation at the time, the lacquer may have served as a coating that protected the coin from corrosion. During circulation, the lacquer on the raised parts of the coin would have likely rubbed off.

Coin hoards expansions (References)

 * https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=related:2AjrLXn4OjEJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5

Yuan expansion

 * http://www.charm.ru/coins/china/muqingtongbao.shtml


 * Sun Chung Hui - "A study of the temple coins of the Yuan Dynasty", China Numismatics, 1986-1, p. 43-48.

Inscriptions

 * Inscriptions


 * Liang (兩) and Zhu (銖), weight measures used as the main obverse inscriptions on ancient Chinese cash coins until the introduction of the Bao (寳), meaning "precious" or "treasure", inscription in the year 621.
 * Tongbao (通寳), literally "circulating treasure", is an inscription first introduced with the Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寳) series of cash coins during the Tang dynasty period in 621 and was used as the most common inscription on cash coins for more than 1300 years and occupies a dominant position in the monetary history of China. Prior to the introduction of the Kaiyuan Tongbao, cash coins typically featured the weight of the coin as (a part of) their inscription, but as cash coins were now valued based on government regulation rather than their weight as a form of commodity money this Inscription superseded the prior Wu Zhu (五銖) weight-based Inscription.
 * Yuanbao (元寳), literally "inaugural treasure", "first treasure", "primal treasure", "original treasure", or "round treasure", originated as a misreading of the Inscription Kaiyuan Tongbao where the inscription was read clockwise as "Kaitong Yuanbao" (開通元寳). Due to a naming taboo the term "Yuanbao" was phased out from cash coin inscriptions due to a naming taboo as the founder of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang had the word "Yuan" (元) in his name. The term "Yuanbao" is also an alternative name for boat-shaped sycees.
 * Zhongbao (重寳), literally "heavy treasure", an inscription typically used on high denomination cash coins, initially introduced in 758 with the Qianyuan Zhongbao (乾元重寳) nominally valued at 10 ordinary cash coins.
 * Nianhao (年號), sometimes translated as "reign title" or "reign era", refers to the period title used by Chinese monarchs, these period titles typically consisted of an auspicious phrase (such as Immeasurable Splendour, Heavenly Favour, Abundant Happiness, or United Government) and was used to describe some or all years of the reign of an individual emperor. After the year 621, cash coins typically had 4 character obverse Inscriptions consisting of "[reign era] (Tong/Yuan/Zhong)bao", reading as "[年號](通/元/重)寳". Not all era names were considered to be useable for cash coin Inscriptions, causing them to substitute the nianhao with a dynastic title, consisting of the name of the dynasty in conjunction with a honorific adjective, for example Hanyuan Tongbao (漢元通寳) by the Southern Han dynasty, Tangguo Tongbao (唐國通寳) by the Southern Tang dynasty, and Huangsong Tongbao (皇宋通寳) during the Northern Song dynasty. From the Ming dynasty onwards, there was only a single nianhao used per reign, so the nianhao is often used synonymously as the name of the Emperor, for example Yongle Emperor, Jiajing Emperor, Kangxi Emperor, Jiaqing Emperor, Etc. Hence, only a single inscription was typically used during their reigns (Yongle Tongbao, Jiajing Tongbao, Kangxi Tongbao, Jiaqing Tongbao, Etc.).

Ming Dynasty

 * Guangbei.

Redirects

 * #REDIRECT Qianqian


 * 1) 鉛錢.
 * 2) 铅钱.
 * 3) Qiān qián.
 * 4) Duyên tiền.
 * 5) Lead cash.
 * 6) Lead cash coin.
 * 7) Lead cash coins.
 * 8) Chinese lead cash.
 * 9) Chinese lead cash coin.
 * 10) Chinese lead cash coins.
 * 11) Duyên tiền.
 * 12) Tiền đúc bằng chì.
 * 13) 鉛銭.
 * 14) Namarisen.