User:Donald Trung/Manufacturing history of cash coins bibliography edits

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "History of the manufacturing process of cash coins" and is preserved for attribution.

Casting.23.
E-mail draft entitled "Casting.23. ". (Sat 7/17/2021 12:50 AM).

Following a number of rebellions, including the Red Turban Rebellion, that lead to the decline of the Mongol hegemony over China the Ming dynasty came out victorious reducing the Mongols to a rump state in their homelands. These political changes also ushered in new fiscal changes as the paper money-based fiscal policies of the Mongol Empire were replaced with policies favouring metal coinages once again. Cash coins again began to play an important role in the Chinese economy and because the bureaucracy of the Ming dynasty kept a lot more records than that of the Song, we know a lot more about the developments in the sand casting technique during this era. An important Ming dynasty period work on the sand casting manufacturing technique is the Tiangong Kaiwu (天工開物, "Exploitation of the Works of Nature") written by Song Yingxing published in 1637, which is a work that documents the conditions of casting cash coins in an enormous amount of details. The Tiangong Kaiwu describes that the first step in the late Ming dynasty version of the sand casting method was to make crucibles in which the copper would later be melted. To make these crucibles the casters utilised crushed dry earth and brick fragments, later charcoal powder was added to the process to increase its refractability. The proportion used was around 70% earth to 30% charcoal. The same method of making crucibles is still utilised in the modern era. The Tiangong Kaiwu notably describes the fact that one of the ingredients for making crucibles was "Ox hoof-nails" (牛蹄甲), while later during the Qing dynasty period salt was used in its place.{{Efn|At this point in history Ox hoof-nails

Casting.29.
E-mail draft entitled "Casting.29. ".

Following a number of rebellions, including the Red Turban Rebellion, that lead to the decline of the Mongol hegemony over China the Ming dynasty came out victorious reducing the Mongols to a rump state in their homelands. These political changes also ushered in new fiscal changes as the paper money-based fiscal policies of the Mongol Empire were replaced with policies favouring metal coinages once again. Cash coins again began to play an important role in the Chinese economy and because the bureaucracy of the Ming dynasty kept a lot more records than that of the Song, we know a lot more about the developments in the sand casting technique during this era. An important Ming dynasty period work on the sand casting manufacturing technique is the Tiangong Kaiwu (天工開物, "Exploitation of the Works of Nature") written by Song Yingxing published in 1637, which is a work that documents the conditions of casting cash coins in an enormous amount of details. The Tiangong Kaiwu describes that the first step in the late Ming dynasty version of the sand casting method was to make crucibles in which the copper would later be melted. To make these crucibles the casters utilised crushed dry earth and brick fragments, later charcoal powder was added to the process to increase its refractability. The proportion used was around 70% earth to 30% charcoal. The same method of making crucibles is still utilised in the modern era. The Tiangong Kaiwu notably describes the fact that one of the ingredients for making crucibles was "Ox hoof-nails" (牛蹄甲), while later during the Qing dynasty period salt was used in its place. 38 Wu luling et al. (1998), p. 45. 39 Guzhu zeli. See also Zhuqian shulue.

Stacking sources.4.
E-mail draft entitled "Stacking sources.4." (Wed 8/11/2021 2:02 PM).

Thierry, Francois. Monnaies de Chine (Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale 1992), p. 58. Hua Jueming (1983), pp. 242-246. 13 Hua Jueming (華覺明). ‘Stack moulding techniques in ancient China’, in the Foundry Trade Journal Internaional, 20 (1983), pp. 242–246. Zhou Weirong 周衛榮 (b). ‘Zhongguo chuantong zhuqian gongyi chutan’ 中國傳統鑄錢工藝初探 [A primary research of Chinese-traditional coin-cast techniques], in Zhongguo qianbi lunwen ji 中國錢幣論文集 [A collection of papers on Chinese numismatics], 4 (2002), pp. 198–214. Zhou Weirong (2002a), pp. 13-20. 14 Wagner (2008), p. 154. 15 Schroeder, Albert. Annam: études numismatiques (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, E. Leroux, 1905). Pl. XXIV, XXV. Dai Zhiqiang 戴志强 , Zhou Weirong 周衛榮 , Shi Jilong 施繼龍 , Dong Yawei 董亞巍 and Wang Changsui 王昌燧 . ‘Xiao Liang qianbi zhuzao gongyi yu moni shiyan’ 蕭梁錢幣鑄造工藝模擬驗 [The coinage casting technique of the Liang Dynasty in the Six Dynasties and its simulation experiment], in Zhongguo qianbi 中國錢幣 [Chinese numismatics], 3 (2004), pp. 3-9. Dai Zhiqiang et al. (2004), p. 9. 17 Schroeder (1905), Pl. XXIV, XXV Wang Jun 王軍 , Yu Zhanyong 喻戰勇 and Zhang Yushan 張玉山 . ‘Beichao Wei Yong’an Wuzhu jiqi banbie fenlei yanjiu’ 朝魏永安五銖及其版別分類研究 [The Wuzhu coins of the Northern Wei Dynasty’s Yong’an reign period and their types and issues], in Anhui qianbi 安徽錢幣 [Anhui numismatics], 1 (2006), pp. 22-24.

Sand sources.2
E-mail draft entitled "Sand sources.2". (Wed 8/11/2021 2:55 PM) Haven't edited since this time, due to a severe depression and real world responsibilities, reason for splitting this from "the main draft", also laptops work wonders for editing compared to mobile devices, apparently...

Wang, Helen et al. (2005), book cover. 23 See Zheng Jiaxiang (1993), p. 31. Yuan Tao suggests that this method already existed since Wang Mang’s reign (8-23AD). See his article (1994), pp. 89-96. 24 Zhou Weirong (2009), p. 15; Wang Jun et al. (2006), pp. 22-24. 25 Zhou Weirong (2009), p. 15. 26 Zhou Weirong (2009), p. 15. 27 Li Xiang et al. (2008), pp. 11-15. 28

Casting.Bibliography.3.
E-mail draft entitled "Casting.Bibliography.3. ". (19 June 2021).

Bencao gangmu 本草綱目 [Compendium of materia medica] by Li Shizhen 李時珍 (1518-1593) (Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 2005). Chun ming mengyu lu 春明夢餘錄 [Writings after a bright spring dream] by Sun Chengze 孫澤 (1592-1676) (Beijing: Beijing guji chubanshe, 1992). Guangxi tongzhi 廣西通志 [Gazetteer of Guangxi province]. Xie Qikun 謝啟昆 (ed.), 1800. [Qianlong] Hangzhou fuzhi [ 乾隆 ] 杭府志 [Gazetteer of Hangzhou prefecture]. Shao Jinhan 邵晉涵 et al. (comp.), 1784. Longchuan lue zhi 龍略志 [Brief jottings of Dragon-stream] by Su Zhe 蘇轍 in 1099 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1982). Ming huidian 明會典 [Collected statutes of the Ming Dynasty]. Shen Shixing 時行 (ed.), 1587, in Xuxiu siku quanshu 續修四庫 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1995). Ming jingshi wenbian 明經世文編 [Collected essays on statecraft in the Ming Dynasty]. Chen Zilong 陳子龍 et al (comp.). 1638 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1962). Pan Sikong zoushu 潘司空奏疏 [Memorials of Minister of Works Pan] by Pan Jixun 潘季馴 (1521-1595), Siku quanshu version 四庫本 . Pingzhai wenji 平文集 [Collected works of Pingzhai] by Hong Zikui 洪咨夔 (1176-1236), Sibu congkan version 四部叢刊本 . Qinding hubu guzhu zeli 欽定戶部鼓鑄則例 [Imperially endorsed regulations and precedents for minting of the Ministry of Revenue], Fu Heng 傅恒 et al. (comp.). 1769 (Haikou: Hainan chubanshe, 2000 reprint, Gugong zhenben congkan, 287). Qinding xu wenxian tong 欽定續文獻通攷 [Imperially endorsed continuation of Encyclopedia of the historical records], compilation ordered in 1747, finished in 1784. Siku quanshu version 四庫本 . Qingchao wenxian tongkao 清朝文獻通考 [Encyclopedia of the historical records of the Qing Dynasty], compilation ordered in 1767 (Hangzhou, Zhejiang guji chubanshe, 1988). Report on Gold and Silver Coins , by United States Congress House (Washington D.C.: Gales and Seaton, 1810). Song huiyao jigao 宋會要輯稿 [Song Dynasty manuscript compendium], written during the Song dynasty, extracted by Xu Song 徐松 (1781-1848) in part from the Ming dynasty Yongle Encyclopedia punlished in 1408 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1957). Song shi 宋史 [History of Song] by Tuotuo 脱脱 et al., 1345 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1977). Tongzheng bianlan 銅政便覽 [A manual on copper administration], collected by National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences, hand written copy of Yunnan Provincial Administration Commission, 8 vols. Wenxian tongkao 文獻通考 [Encyclopedia of the historical records] by Ma Duanlin 馬端臨 , 1317 (Hangzhou: Zhejiang guji chubanshe, 2000). Wuxi ji 武溪集 [Collected writings of Wuxi], by Yu Jing 余靖 (1000-1064). Siku quanshu version 四庫本 . Xu Zizhi tongjian changbian 續資治通鑒長編 [Long draft of the continuation of the comprehensive mirror to aid in government] by Li Tao 李燾 (1115-1184) (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2004). Youhuan jiwen 游宦紀聞 [Notes during travelling in office] by Zhang Shinan 張世南 (lived around 1225) (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1981). Zhuqian shulue 鑄錢述略 [A brief introduction to coin casting], by Han Guojun 韓國鈞 , 1899 36 Secondary literature Beier, Manfred. Das Münzwesen des Römischen Reiches (Regenstauf: Gietl Verlag, 2002). Burger, Werner. Ch'ing Cash until 1735 (Taipei: Mei Ya Publications, 1976). Burkhardt, Andreas, Willem B. Stern and Guido Helmig. Keltische Münzen aus Basel: Numismatische Untersuchungen und Metallanalysen; mit einem Beitrag von Herbert A. Cahn (Basel: Verl. d. Schweizer. Ges. f. Ur- und Frühgeschichte, 1994). Cao Jin. Mint Metal Mining and Minting in Sichuan, 1700-1900: Effects on the Regional Economy and Soceity . (Ph.D. dissertation, Tübingen University, 2012). Cao Jin and Hans Ulrich Vogel. ‘Smoke on the mountain: the infamous counterfeiting case of Tongzi district, Guizhou province, 1794’ in Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald (eds.) Money in Asia (1200-1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts (Leiden: Brill, 2015), pp. 188-219. Craig, John. The Mint: A History of the London Mint from A.D. 287 to 1948 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953). Crawford, Michael Hewson. Roman Republican Coinage, Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974). Crawford, Michael Hewson. Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic: Italy and the Mediterranean Economy (London: Methuen, 1985). Cooper, Tim. How to Read Industrial Britain? (London: Ebury press, 2011). Dai Zhiqiang 戴志強 . Dai Zhiqiang qianbixue wenji 戴志强錢幣學文集 [A collection of Dai Zhiqiang's articles on numismetics] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2006). Glahn, Richard von. Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000-1700 (Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 1996). Han Shiyuan 韓士元 . ‘Xin Mang shidai de zhu bi gongyi tantao’ 新莽時代的鑄幣工藝探討 [The technique of coin-casting in the Wang Mang period]. in Kaogu 考古 [Archeology], 5 (1965), pp. 243–251. Hartill, David. Cast Chinese coins: A Historical Catalogue (Victoria, B.C: Trafford, 2005). Hua Jueming. ‘Stack moulding techniques in ancient China’, in Foundry Trade Journal Internaional , 20 (1983), pp. 242–246. Hua Jueming 華覺明 and Zhang Hongli 張宏禮 . ‘Songdai zhuqian gongyi yanjiu’ 宋代鑄錢工藝研究 [A research of the coin casting technology in the Song Dynasty], in Ziran kexue shi yanjiu 自然科學史研究 [Studies in the history of natrual sciences], 1 (1988), pp. 38–47. Hua Jueming 華覺明 and Zhu Yinhua 朱寅華 . ‘Muqian fa ji qi zaoxing gongyi moni’ 母錢法及其造型工藝模擬 [Matrix coin method and simulation experiment of its moulding technology], in Zhongguo keji shiliao 中國科史料 [China historical materials of science and technology], 3 (1999), pp. 262–269. Huo, Ming-chih (Huo-Ming-Tse, Paul). Preuves des antiquités de Chine . (Pékin, 1930) Jost, Alexander. From Secret Knowledge to Mass Production: The Wet Copper Industry of Song China (960-1279) . (Ph.D. dissertation, Tübingen University, 2014). Li Gongdu 李恭篤 . ‘Liaoning Ningcheng xian Heicheng gu cheng Wang Mang qian fan zuofang yizhi de faxian’ 遼城縣黑城古城王莽錢范作坊遺址的發現 [A coin-mould worshop of the Wang Mang period at the site of ancient Heicheng in Ningcheng 37 Li Xiang 李翔 , Zhou Minjian 周敏健 and Jun Ying 軍鷹 . ‘Guangzhou faxian de Tangdai zhubiyicun qianxi’ 廣發現的唐代鑄幣遺存淺析 [Preliminary analysis of remains of a coin casting site from the Tang period discovered in Guangzhou], in Jiangsu qianbi 江蘇錢幣 [Jiangsu numisamtics], 4 (2008), pp. 11-15. Linduff, Katheryn M., Han Rubin and Sun Shuyun (eds.). The Beginnings of Metallurgy in China (Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000). Milne, Joseph Grafton. ‘The Aes Grave of Central Italy’, in: The Journal of Roman Studies , 32 (1942), pp. 27-32. Moll-Murata, Christine, Song Jianze and Hans Ulrich Vogel (eds.). Chinese Handicraft Regulations of the Qing Dynasty: Theory and Application (München: Iudicium, 2005). Peng Zeyi 彭澤益 . Zhongguo jindai shougongye shi ziliao 中國近代手工業史資料 [Materials on modern Chinese handicraft history] (Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 1957). Qian Jianfu 錢劍夫 . Qin Han huobi shi gao 秦漢貨幣史稿 . [History of money in the Qin and Han Periods] (Wuhan: Hubei renmin chubanshe, 1986). Qiu Long 邱隆 , Qiu Guangming 丘光明 et al., Zhongguo gudai duliangheng tuji 中國古代度量衡圖集 [A collection of illustrations of ancient Chinese weights and measures] (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 1984). Shi Jilong 施繼龍 , Cheng Lixian 程立憲 , Zhou Weirong 周衛榮 , Dong Yawei 董亞巍 and Wang Changsui 王昌燧 . ‘Liuchao zhuqian gongyi de yanbian’ 六朝鑄錢工藝的演變 [Coin-casting technology of the Six Dynasties], in Ziran kexue shi yanjiu 自然科學史研究 [Studies in the history of natural science], 2 (2006), pp. 110–121. Stahl, Alan M. Zecca. The mint of Venice in the Middle Ages (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press in association with the American Numismatic Society, New York, 2000). Sun, E-tu Zen, and Sun Shiou-chuan. T’ien-Kung K’ai-Wu: Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century, by Sung Ying-Hsing . (University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1966). Sweeny, James O. A Numismatic History of the Birmingham Mint . (Birmingham: The Mint, 1981). Reed, Christopher A. Gutenberg in Shanghai: Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876-1937 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2009). Tang Wenxing 湯文 . ‘Woguo gudai jizhong huobi de zhuzao jishu’ 國古代幾種貨幣的鑄造術 [Coin-casting techniques of ancient China], in Zhongyuan wenwu 中原文物 [Cultural relics from the central plains], 2 (1983), pp. 74–78. Tylecote, Ronald Frank. The Early History of Metallurgy in Europe (London; New York: Longman, 1987). Tylecote, Ronald Frank. A History of Metallurgy (London, 1992). Vogel, Hans Ulrich. Chinese Central Monetary Policy and the Yunnan Copper Mining Industry in the Early Qing (1644-1800) (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Zürich, 1983; rivised version of 1988). 38 Wang, Helen, Michael Cowell, Joe Cribb and Sheridan Bowman (eds.). Metallurgical Analysis of Chinese Coins at the British Museum (London: British Museum, 2005). Wang Jinhua 王金華 , Li Xiuhui 李秀輝 and Zhou Weirong 周衛榮 . ‘Xihan shifan zhuqian yuanyin chutan’ 西漢石範鑄錢原因初探 [A prime probe into the reason why stone mold had benn used in the West Han Dynasty], in Zhongguo qianbi 中國錢幣 [Chinese numismatics], 1 (2003), pp. 25–31. Wang Shengduo 汪圣鐸 . Liang Song huobi shi 宋貨幣史 [Monetary history of the Song Dynasty] (Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe. 2003). Wang Shengduo 汪圣鐸 . Liang Song huobi shiliao huibian 宋貨幣史料彙編 [A source compilation of the monetary history of the Song Dynasty] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2004). Wu luling 武露淩 , Chen Jianwei 陳建偉 and Wang Chungen 王春根 . ‘Zhu, niu, yang tijialei yaocai zhong wuji yuansu fenxi bijiao’ 豬、牛、羊蹄類藥材中無機元素分析比較 [Comparative analysis of anorganic components in pig, ox and sheep hooves as materia medica], in Jiceng zhongyao zazhi 基層中藥雜誌 [Basic Chinese medicine journal], 3 (1998), p. 45. Yuan Tao 袁濤 . ‘Dingweixing shi woguo zaoqi shamo zhuzao de zhongyao biaozhi 定位星是國早期砂模鑄造的重要標志 [‘Positioning stars’ are an important indicator of early sand mould casting in China], in Ziran kexue shi yanjiu 自然科學史研究 [Studies in the history of natrual sciences], 1 (1994), pp. 89-96. Zhao Kuanghua 趙匡華 and Hua Jueming 華覺明 . ‘Beisong tongqian huaxue chengfen pouxi ji jiaxiqian chutan 宋銅錢學分剖析及夾錫錢初探 [Analysis of the chemical composition of copper cash from the Northern Song period and preliminary exploration of coins made of tin alloys], in Ziran kexue shi yanjiu 自然科學史研究 [Studies in the history of natrual sciences], 3 (1986), pp. 229-246. Zheng Jiaxiang 鄭家相 . ‘Lidai tongzhi huobi yezhu fa jianshuo’ 歷代銅質貨幣冶鑄法簡說 [A brief introduction to the methods of casting copper coins in the history], in Wenwu 文物 [Cutural relics], 4 (1959), pp. 68–70. Zheng Jiaxiang 鄭家相 and Zeng Jingyi 曾敬儀 . ‘Hunan Wangcheng chutu Kaiyuantongbao can taofan’ 湖南望城出土開元通寳殘陶範 [Fragments of clay moulds for Kaiyuan Tongbao coins excavated in Wangcheng, Hunan Province], in Zhongguo qianbi 中國錢幣 [Chinese numismatics], 1 (1993), p. 31. Zhongguo qianbi lunwen ji 中國錢幣論文集 [A collection of papers on Chinese numismatics] (Beijing: Zhongguo jinrong chubanshe, 2002). Zhou Weirong 周衛榮 (a). ‘Qi dao tongfanmu yu diezhu gongyi’ 刀銅範母疊鑄工藝 [The bronze mould for casting "Knife Coins" in the State Qi and the techniques of stack-casting], in Zhongguo qianbi 中國錢幣 [Chinese numismatics], 2 (2002), pp. 13–20. Zhou Weirong 周衛榮 . ‘Fansha fongyi - Zhongguo gudai zhuqian ye de zhongda faming’ 翻砂工藝 —— 中國古代鑄錢業的重大發明 [Sand turning technique - a great ancient invention of Chinese coin casting], in Zhongguo qianbi 中國錢幣 [Chinese numismatics], 3 (2009), pp. 14-17. Zi Xi 梓溪 . ‘Tan jizhong gu qiwu de fan’ 談幾種古器物的范 [On the moulds for casting several ancient artefacts], in Wenwu 文物 [Cutural relics], 8 (1957), pp. 45-48, 51