User:Donald Trung/Privately minted cash coins of Vietnam

This is mostly an experimental page to see if I could correctly implement the currently known calligraphic variants of Vietnamese cash coins without it being "too incomplete", though I'm an eventualist so that doesn't mean that I won't launch an incomplete list.

Unidentified Vietnamese coins from 1600 and later
At various times many rebel leaders proclaimed themselves as Lords, Kings , and Emperors , and had produced their own coinage with their reign names and titles on them, but as their rebellions would prove unsuccessful or brief their reigns and titles would go unrecorded in Vietnamese history, therefore coins produced by their rebellions cannot easily be classified. Coins were also often privately cast and these coins were sometimes of high quality or well-made imitations of imperial coinage, though often they would bear the same inscriptions as already circulating coinage, sometimes they would have "newly invented" inscriptions. The Nguyễn lords that ruled over Southern Vietnam had also produced their own coinage at various times as they were the de facto kings of the South, but as their rule wasn't official, it is currently unknown what coins can be attributed to which Nguyễn lord. Though since Edouard Toda has made his list in 1882 several of the coins that he had described as "originating from the Quảng Nam province" have been ascribed to the Nguyễn lords that the numismatists of his time couldn't identify. During the rule of the Nguyễn lords many foundries for private mintage were also opened and many of these coins bear the same inscriptions as government cast coinage or even bear newly invented inscriptions making it hard to attribute these coins. however over the years many of these cash coins were attributed to private mints both in Vietnam and elsewhere.

The following list contains Vietnamese cash coins whose origins cannot be (currently) established:

Privately minted cash coins of Vietnam
Many previously unidentified Vietnamese cash coins turned out to be privately minted by both legal and illegal mints in Vietnam, concurrently there were Chinese and Nusantaran forgers and illegal mints that produced cash coins for the Vietnamese market to exchange it for more valuable cash coins and silver at the border.

Thiên Thánh group (天聖手)
Traditionally rebel Phạm Sư Ôn 1391 & related

Hi Nguyên group (熙元手)
1400's? "Bird claw" Chinh Long group 爪正隆手 Le semi-official tribute and trade c.1440-1516

"Broad rims" group 阔缘手 c. 1500-1600's

Vạn Kiep group 萬劫手 "Bears fruit" Thuần Hi / Jie Chun Xi Shou 結淳凞手 1500's-late 1600's Xứng Pháp group 称法手 Traditionally attributed to Le rebels c.1516-26 "Better cast" Chinh Long 別炉正隆手 Mac tribute and trade c. 1527-40 Hoàng Ân / Huang En group 皇恩手 Restored Le related 1533-50's Minh Tống group / Ming Song Shou 明宋手 Traditionally Restored Le, after 1533

"Fine writing" Chí Ðạo group 纤字至道手 Mid-late 1500's "Fine writing" small cash 纤字元豐手 c. 1570-1595 "Corroded characters" Cảnh Đúc / Shi Zi Jing De group 蝕字景德手 Northern, local, c. 1595-1650 "Turtle bao" Chi Đạo group / Gui Bao Zhi Dao Shou 龟寳至道手 Includes several mints c.1560's-1660. An Phap style 安法手 Mid 1500's through 1700's South China Sea trade cash circulated in Vietnam Trade imitations of Chinese Yong Le 1440's-1640 Origin in Vietnam or unknown (see also Japan and Indonesia) Dụ Dân group 裕民手 Local 1685-1735 Nguyên controlled region, local and private issues late 1600's - 1770's

Vĩnh Định group 永定手

Thin brass issues c.1690-1850, inscriptions imitate earlier dynasties Zhi Yuan shou 治元手, Wang Zhi Dao shou 網至道手, related and similar types. "Excelling (tall) characters" / Chang zi group 長子手 Trade cash mint, South China or Vietnam c. 1525-90 Resembles Northern Song cash 疑似北宋類, origin uncertain Small copies of Kanei Tsuho 寬永通寶 Vĩnh Lợi / Yong Li zinc-pewter group 永歷手