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Karyogamy
Not much is mentioned on the talk page, except which projects it belongs to. It appears to be a high priority for the Molecular and Cellular Biology group. There are no citations so far. Other specific terms are used but not explained, however, there are links for people to look up more about them. There needs to be a more logical flow and subsections.

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Possible Citations
When yeast cells meet, karyogamy!


 * Microtubules and spindle pole bodies are essential for cellular organization
 * Discovered by electron microscopy
 * Yeast model of nuclear congression is very similar to other species

Proper Microtubule Structure Is Vital for Timely Progression through Meiosis in Fission Yeast


 * Karyogamy forms a diploid cell. This must occur before meiosis in haploid organisms.
 * Lack of nutrients triggers cell conjugation with opposite mating type, then karyogamy.
 * Sometimes diploid cells undergo "twin meiosis" and do NOT enter karyogamy. The resulting cells have low viability.
 * Mal3 gene regulates microtubules-- in ∆mal3 cells microtubules did not develop properly and karyogamy did not occur.

Nuclear fusion in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae


 * Karyogamy occurs in two steps: microtubule-dependent nuclear congression, then fusing of the nuclear membranes.
 * (Could not find access to full text of this article)

Spindle pole body-anchored Kar3 drives the nucleus along microtubules from another nucleus in preparation for nuclear fusion during yeast karyogamy


 * (Full text is available for free)
 * Kar3 is a motor protein that has roles in meiosis, mitosis and mating in yeast.
 * It is essential in forming the diploid nucleus during karyogamy.
 * Cik 1 is an accessory protein required during mating.
 * Study suggests interactions between microtubules and spindle pole bodies create the force to bring the two nuclei together.

Function of Cryptococcus neoformans KAR7 (SEC66) in karyogamy during unisexual and opposite-sex mating
 * Cryptococcus neoformans is an infectious fungus in humans
 * KAR7 mutants did not experience fusing of the nuclei during karyogamy
 * Early vs. late karyogamy

Microtubule dynamics in the budding yeast mating pathway

Peroxisomes and sexual development in fungi
 * Peroxisomes are single-membrane bound organelles used for many metabolic activities and participate in signaling networks
 * Peroxisomes are required for germination of sexual spores
 * In some fungi, karyogamy is concurrent with plasmogamy; in some it is separate
 * Number of peroxisomes increases after karyogamy, then perixosomes are distributed during meiosis

Working Outline

 * 1) Overview (per Wiki standard)
 * 2) Role of karyogamy in sexual reproduction
 * 3) Role of cytoskeleton in karyogamy
 * 4) Biochemical components necessary
 * 5) Potential problems
 * 6) Implications in human disease

Possible Images
Taphrina life cycle. A — haploid stage (yeast); B — dikaryon stage (mycelium); C — diploid stage (proasci); D — developing of asci and sporogenesis. 1 — ascospores and blastospores (conidia) budding; 2 — dikaryotization; 3 — dikaryotic micelium on plant cells, ascogenous layer forming; 4 — karyogamy; 5 — mitosis of diploid nucleus, proascus and basal cell forming; 6 — developing ascus after meiosis; 7 — mitosis of haploid nuclei, ascospores forming; 8 — sporogenous layer forming on plant cells

Terms that should be explained and/or linked

 * Spindle pole bodies
 * Microtubules
 * Nuclear congression
 * Diploid/haploid
 * Peroxisomes
 * Hyphae
 * Dikaryotic
 * Basidium/basidiospore