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The United Kingdom Census of 1851 recorded the people residing in every household on the night of 30 March 1851, and was the second of the UK censuses to include details of household members. Every name in the England, Scotland, and surviving Ireland schedules have been indexed and are available on genealogy websites. Statistical data for every parish or place is available at Histpop - The Online Historical Population Reports Website.

Contents
 * The 1851 census for England is widely available on various websites. General Register Office for England has allowed the census to be digitally scanned, and it is available on a variety of subscription websites; namely, ancestry.co.uk, findmypast.com and others.
 * The 1851 census for Scotland is available at the ScotlandsPeople website. This website is an arm of the General Register Office for Scotland that makes available digital scans and name indexes to search.  A name index available at ancestry.com and findmypast.com
 * The 1851 census for Ireland was mostly destroyed; there are a few fragments that have survived for a few places.

The 1851 Census
The 1851 census was the second in a series of censuses that were taken that record the name of every citizen.

Developments of Pre 1851 Censuses - 1801 to 1841
The 1851 census was the first to record the full details of birth location for individuals. Where 1841 had only recorded if an individual was born in county, the 1851 census states the county and parish or town of birth as well.

The 1851 census was the first to record each person's marital status and relationship to the head of the household, as well as details of disability being recorded — with a field for recording the information that an individual was "blind, deaf or imbecile". Each individual's exact age was also recorded (to the nearest year) rather than rounding adult ages down to the nearest five years.

The 1851 census for England and Wales was opened to public inspection in 1912 (the 100-year retainer rule was not in effect at the time), and has since been available from The National Archives as part of class HO107.

In 1851, much greater detail was asked about people's occupations than in previous censuses. This enabled government analysis of occupations into "classes" and "sub-classes". Masters in trade and manufacture were asked to state the word "master" after the description of their occupation and to state the number of men employed on the day of the census.

Developments of Post 1851 Censuses - 1861 to 1911
Full documentation for the 1851 population census, including census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from the North Atlantic Population Project.

However, this census added considerably to the fields recorded in the earlier 1841 census, providing additional details of ages, relationships and origins, making the 1851 census a rich source of information for both demographers and genealogists.

The Government also conducted a census of attendance at religious services on 30 March 1851, as part of the project. Government analysis

The additional information on ages and occupations permitted considerable contemporary analysis of the census data for England and Wales. Not only were 332 different occupations analysed by age group, but they were also correlated with death records from civil registration, allowing statisticians, led by William Farr, "to compare the living in each well defined occupation with the number dying registered at the corresponding ages; and thus to determine the influence of employment on health and life".

Examples from his conclusions include:

"Miners die in undue proportions, particularly at the advanced ages, when their strength begins to decline... Tailors die in considerable numbers at the younger ages (25–45)... Labourers' mortality is as nearly the same rate as that of the whole population, except in the very advanced ages, when the Poor Law apparently affords inadequate relief to the worn-out workman."[1]

Genealogical value
The 1851 census is seen as one of the key sources for British genealogical research of the nineteenth century. The information about the relationship of individuals to the head of household enables relationships between people to be established accurately. Furthermore, the inclusion of exact ages and details of each person's place of birth, provides the researcher with a pointer to the location of birth or baptism records. In many cases, this allows the researcher to pin-down the parish of birth with relative ease: in other cases, the situation is not so simple.

An example of the problems encountered is that the census may accurately record a person's place of birth, although their baptism (which may be the only record relating to their birth) may be in a different place. Conversely, a person may have been born and baptised in one place, but brought up in a different place, which is the one they remember as their place of origin and duly record it as such in the census. A further problem is that the information about a household was normally provided to the census enumerator by the head of household—and heads of household varied in the conscientiousness with which they elicited information from each person in the household. In cases where a person was born outside the country, only the country of origin is given (not the location within the country). Hence, for example, there are many people in the English census whose place of birth is given simply as "Scotland". Data availability

The 1851 schedules have been digitized and are available at subscription websites. The schedules are of high importance to genealogist since 1851 was the first year in which a place of birth or parish was recorded. Microdata from the 1851 population census are freely available through the North Atlantic Population Project.