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Before French Colonization, the Futa Toros were under pressured according to Philip Curtain in his book, The Journal of African History. He says, “the refugees and remaining supporters of the reform were concentrated in Futa Toro where they were under pressure from Walo raids to the west, Moorish raids from the steppe, and an army of reconquest led by former Staigi” (Curtain 17). This shows that the Futa Toros were in danger of being overtaken by other groups in Senegal. However, there were successful Jihad wars in Toro, says Staigi which prevented the extinction of the Futa Toros in Senegal in the late 17th century. Relations were somewhat of a issue among some of these groups, as small battles took place to determine who holds territory in Western Africa.

Citation

Curtin, Philip D. “Jihad in West Africa: Early Phases and Inter-Relations in Mauritania and Senegal.” The Journal of African History, vol. 12, no. 1, 1971, pp. 11–24. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/180564.

Ọlatunji Ọlọruntimẹhin in his book, The Segu Tukulor Empire, mentions before the French came and colonized the area, how revolts were common in the area compared to others mention on this page. “Resistance movements were a dominant feature of political life in the Tukulor Empire” (Oloruntimehin 123). In many cases, political freedom and rights were hard to come by for the jihads, as many will differ in religious reasons. Umar, according to Oloruntimehin, tried to lead a “movement dedicated to the establishment of a new politico-religious system in the Western Sudan” (Oloruntimehin 124) Religion played a key role in these states that effected the Fula Jihads and their will to keep their group from collapsing in the Sahel.

Citation:

Ọlọruntimẹhin, B. Ọlatunji. “Resistance Movements in the Tukulor Empire.” Cahiers D'Études Africaines, vol. 8, no. 29, 1968, pp. 123–143. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4390992