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Alan V. Murray (born c. 1957) is a British historian specializing in the Crusades and the Latin East; Medieval Warfare, Chivalry and Tournaments; Medieval German Language and Literature; the Medieval Baltic region. He is currently a professor at the Institute for Medieval Studies at the University of Leeds.

I come from Galashiels in the Scottish Borders. I studied Ancient, Medieval and Modern History and German Language and Literature at the University of St Andrews, where my teachers included Donald Bullough, Hugh Kennedy and Geoffrey Parker (History) and Jeffrey Ashcroft and Harry Jackson (German).

After completing my MA, I taught English at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg. I returned to St Andrews to undertake research and wrote my doctoral thesis on the origins of the nobility of the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1131, while also studying History and Folk Studies (Volkskunde) at the University of Freiburg in Germany. Research Supervisor: Dr Hugh Kennedy

I joined the International Medieval Bibliography at Leeds in 1988. I have since become Editorial Director of the project and Senior Lecturer in Medieval Studies. I am a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and a regular member of the Baltische Historische Kommission. I also belong to the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, the Oswald von Wolkenstein-Gesellschaft and the Scottish Place-Names Society. Murray AV, Baldwin of Bourcq: Count of Edessa and King of Jerusalem (1100-1131)(Routledge, 2021)

Murray AV, Watts K, The Medieval Tournament As Spectacle (Boydell Press, 2020)

Murray AV, The Franks in Outremer: Studies in the Latin Principalities of Palestine and Syria, 1099-1187 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2015)

The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide, ed. by Murray AV1(Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2015)

The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe: The Expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic Lands, ed. by Murray AV, The Expansion of Latin Europe, 1000-1500 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), 4

Galbert of Bruges and the Historiography of Twelfth-Century Flanders, ed. by Murray AV and Rider J (Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2009)

The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier, ed. by Murray AV (Ashgate, 2009)

The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ed. by Murray AV (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006), 4 vols

Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier, 1150-1500, ed. by Murray AV(Ashgate, 2001)

Murray AV, The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099-1125, Prosopographica & Genealogica (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, 2000), 4

From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies, 1095–1500, ed. by Murray AV, International Medieval Research, 3 (Brepols, 1998)

Concepts of National Identity in the Middle Ages, ed. by Forde S, Johnson L and Murray AV (University of Leeds School of English, 1995)

Edits to the Introduction

The following edits were made for clarity:


 * Clarification of Godfrey's title; deleted patriarch discussions (not appropriate for introduction)
 * Added Baldwin I's successors for continuity
 * Deleted last sentence of 1st paragraph: Not true in that time period.
 * Deleted last paragraph: unimportant as part of the Introduction.

William Harrison

..And the experience of this latter is noted by Giraldus Cambrertfis to haue beene feene and vfed in Wales, where he did eat in Waien, an Giraldus mya. cheefe made of hinds milke, at fuch time as Baldwine; archbifhop of Canturburie preached the croifad there, when they were both lodged in a gentlemans houfe, whofe wife of purpofe kept a deirie of the fame.

Edward Philips

Croisado or Crusade: The Expedition of Christian Princes for the Conquest of the Holy Land; a Holy War formerly undertaken against the Infidels out of Devotion, upon encouragement of the Pope's Bulls promising immediate entrance into Heaven, to all that dy'd in the Service; so that those Warriours were distinguish'd by wearing the Figure of the Cross of several Colours.


 * crusade, n.
 * Pronunciation:
 * Brit. Hear pronunciation/kruːˈseɪd/
 * U.S. Hear pronunciation/kruˈseɪd/
 * Forms: α. 1500s croisad, croysade, ( croissard), 1500s–1700s croisade, (1600s crossiade); β. 1600s croisada, ( croy-), cruysado, ( crossado), 1600s–1700s croisado, croy-; γ. 1600s–1700s crusada, cruz-, 1500s–1700s crusado, cruz-; δ. 1700s– crusade.(Show Less)
 * Frequency (in current use): Show frequency band information
 * Etymology: = modern French croisade (= Old French croisee ), Provençal crozada, Spanish cruzada , Italian crociata , medieval Latin cruciata (cruzata ), being in the various languages the feminine noun of action formed on past participle of cruciāre , crociare , cruzar , croiser to cross v., literally a being crossed, a crossing or marking with the cross, a taking the cross: compare the early French croisement . The earliest and only Middle English equivalents were croiserie n. (13th–15th cent.), and croisee n. (15–17th cent.), from the corresponding Old French words. In 16th cent. French, croisée was displaced by croisade , with the new ending -ade suffix, adapted from the -ada of Provençal and Spanish. This croisade appeared in English c1575, and continued to be the leading form till c1760 (see Johnson's Dict.). About 1600, the Spanish cruzada made its appearance under the forms crusada and crusado (see -ado suffix); a blending of this with croisade produced two hybrid forms, viz. croisado (-ada ), with French stem and Spanish ending, frequent from c1611 to 1725, and crusade , with Spanish stem and French ending, mentioned by Johnson, 1755, only as a by-form of croisade , but used by Goldsmith and Gibbon, and now universal. From 15th to 17th centuries occasional attempts to adopt the medieval Latin and other Romanic forms, as cruciat , -ada , -ade , cruceat , were made: see cruciade n.(Show Less)
 * 1.
 * a. Historical. A military expedition undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims.
 * 1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1878) iii. iv. ii. 29 At such time as Baldwine archbishop of Canturburie preached the Croisad there.
 * 1616 R. Betts tr. King James VI & I Remonstr. Right of Kings 161 Al such..as vndertooke the Croisade, became the Popes meere vassals.
 * 1753 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 1 Jan. (1932) (modernized text) V. 1991 His [sc. Voltaire's] history of the Croisades.
 * 1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. 416 The knight errantry of a croisade against the Saracens.
 * β.
 * 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xx. 734/1 A Croisado heere against the Turkes.
 * 1655 J. Howell 4th Vol. Familiar Lett. xix. 50 A Croisada to the Holy Land.
 * 1748 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 20 Sept. (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1222 This gave rise to the Croisadoes, and carried such swarms of people from Europe to the..Holy Land.
 * γ.
 * 1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 793 To preach the Crusado.
 * a1678 A. Marvell Britannia & Raleigh in State Poems (1689) 12 Her true Crusada shall at last pull down The Turkish crescent and the Persian sun.
 * 1765 H. Walpole Castle of Otranto (1834) v. 249 Until his return from the crusado.
 * δ.
 * 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Croisado or Crusade.
 * c1750 W. Shenstone Ruin'd Abbey 118 Here the cowl'd zealots..Urg'd the crusade.
 * 1755–73 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Crusade, Crusado: see Croisade.
 * 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. lxi. 546 The principle of the crusades was a savage fanaticism.
 * 1841 W. Spalding Italy & Ital. Islands II. 318 A single campaign of the first crusade, that of 1099.
 * 1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits xiii. 216 The power of the religious sentiment..inspired the crusades.
 * b. transferred. Any war instigated and blessed by the Church for alleged religious ends, a ‘holy war’; applied esp. to expeditions undertaken under papal sanction against infidels or heretics.
 * 1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. ii. xxvii. 403 George Sechell..who vnder the title of a Croysada, wrought so many mischiefs.
 * 1624 R. Montagu Gagg for New Gospell? xiii. 95 Vrban the eight, that now Popeth it, may proclaime a Croisado if hee will.
 * 1681 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Reformation: 2nd Pt. 122 Afterwards croisades came in use; against such princes as were deposed by popes.
 * 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. III. xviii. 106 Commander of a crusade against the Hussites.
 * (Hide quotations)
 * 2. figurative. An aggressive movement or enterprise against some public evil, or some institution or class of persons considered as evil.
 * 1786 T. Jefferson Writings (1859) II. 8 Preach, my dear Sir, a crusade against ignorance.
 * 1839 T. De Quincey Lake Reminisc. in Tait's Edinb. Mag. Feb. 102/2 This new crusade against the evils of the world.
 * 1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity III. vii. i. 114 Dunstan's life was a crusade..against the married clergy.
 * 1893 N.E.D. at Crusade Mod. The Temperance crusade.
 * †3. A papal bull or commission authorizing a crusade, or expedition against infidels or heretics.
 * 1588 (title) The Holy Bull and Crusado of Rome, first published by the Holy Father, Gregory the XIII.
 * 1643 W. Prynne Soveraigne Power Parl. App 64 They concluded to crave ayd from all Christian Princes, and a Crossado from the Pope against the Moores.
 * a1677 I. Barrow Treat. Pope's Supremacy (1680) 31 To summon and commissionate Souldiers by Croisade, &c. to fight against Infidels, or persecute Infidels.
 * 1724 T. Richers tr. Hist. Royal Geneal. Spain 247 The Pope, willing to help the King to sustain this War, sent him the Croisade, by which Means he raised 300,000 Ducats.
 * 1771 O. Goldsmith Hist. Eng. I. 317 The pope published a crusade against the deposed monarch.
 * †4. Spanish History. A levy of money, or a sum raised by the sale of indulgences, under a document called Bula de la cruzada, originally for aggression or defence against the Moors, but afterwards diverted to other purposes. Obsolete.The sale of the indulgences granted under the Bula became a permanent source of revenue, held by the kings of Spain in consideration of expenses incurred by them as champions of Catholicism and in the conversion of the American Indians. A board for the collection and administration of these revenues was created in the 16th cent. called Consejo de la Cruzada, the court or tribunal of the Crusade.
 * 1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin i. 39 The moneyes gathered in Spaine..vnder coler of the Croysade.
 * 1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin xii. 688 The Pope had transferred to the king of Aragon for two yeres the moneys and collections called the Croissards of the realme of Spaine.
 * 1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 531 His Subsidies which he levieth extraordinarily (of late times for the most part turned into ordinary, as his Croisados).
 * a1639 D. Digges Compl. Ambassador (1655) 288 To suffer a levy of money to be made within his Dominions, termed by the name Crusado, for the maintenance of the Turkish Wars.
 * 1716 in London Gaz. No. 5480/3 The President of the Cruzada is ordered to draw up a perfect Account of the intire Produce of the Cruzada, as well in Spain as in the Indies.
 * 1772 J. Adams tr. A. de Ulloa Voy. S. Amer. (ed. 3) II. vii. xii. 132 Here [i.e. in Peru] is also a court of inquisition, and of the croisade.
 * (Hide quotations)
 * †5.
 * a. A marking with the cross; the symbol of the cross, the badge borne by crusaders. Obsolete.
 * 1613 R. Zouche Dove 43 Like the rich Croisade on th' Imperiall Ball.
 * 1641 W. Prynne Antipathie 299 He tooke up the Crossado and went..with King Richard..to the warres in the holy Land.
 * 1700 J. Tyrrell Gen. Hist. Eng. II. 772 He took upon him the Crusado, i.e. Vowed an Expedition to the Holy-Land.
 * (Hide quotations)
 * †b. figurative (with allusion to ‘cross’ in the sense of trial or affliction). Obsolete.
 * 1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 531 The Noble Order of the Cruysado Heaven bestoweth not on Milk-sops.
 * 1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 533 The Cruysado, or Crosse of Christ, above all Orders taken up by the Potentates of the World.
 * (Hide quotations)
 * 6. attributive.
 * 1750 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. II. 706 The crusado troops of Cardinal Beaufort.
 * 1764 T. Harmer Observ. Passages Script. xviii. i. 43 The Croisade army arrived there in the end of May.
 * †b. figurative (with allusion to ‘cross’ in the sense of trial or affliction). Obsolete.
 * 1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 531 The Noble Order of the Cruysado Heaven bestoweth not on Milk-sops.
 * 1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 533 The Cruysado, or Crosse of Christ, above all Orders taken up by the Potentates of the World.
 * (Hide quotations)
 * 6. attributive.
 * 1750 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. II. 706 The crusado troops of Cardinal Beaufort.
 * 1764 T. Harmer Observ. Passages Script. xviii. i. 43 The Croisade army arrived there in the end of May.
 * 6. attributive.
 * 1750 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. II. 706 The crusado troops of Cardinal Beaufort.
 * 1764 T. Harmer Observ. Passages Script. xviii. i. 43 The Croisade army arrived there in the end of May.