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= Volcanic Eruptions and their Repose, Unrest, Precursors and Timing: The NAS ERUPT consensus report = The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine published a consensus report on Improving Understanding of Volcanic Eruptions. At the request of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine established a committee to undertake the following tasks:


 * Summarize our current understanding of how magma is stored, ascends, and erupts.
 * Discuss new disciplinary and interdisciplinary research on volcanic processes and volcanic precursors that could lead to forecast the size, type, and timing of volcanic eruptions.
 * Describe new observations or instrument deployment strategies that could improve the quantification of volcanic eruption processes and volcanic precursors.
 * Identify priority research and observations that are needed to improve our understanding of volcanic eruptions and that can inform monitoring and early warning efforts.

This report was published almost at the same time as another recent community vision document that addresses science priorities related to natural hazards. The SZ4D report provides information on natural hazards that occur in subduction zone settings such as earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. This report was the result of a workshop that was held in 2016 and where over 250 scientists from 22 countries attended to discuss subduction zone processes and high priority science targets to advance our understanding of subduction zones and related hazards.

Content
The report, published in 2017 is the result of a one year-long study by a committee composed of scientists specializing in the field of volcano science. Contributions to the report were also solicited during a workshop held at the National Academies in Washington, DC in August 2016. The workshop had approximately 80 participants from around the world who contributed through presentations and group discussions. The report was reviewed by eleven scientists with broad backgrounds in volcano science and related fields.

The above four tasks are intimately related because the improved understanding of volcanic processes guides monitoring efforts and therefore will also improve volcanic event forecasts. As monitoring improves with new and advanced instrumentation and deployment strategies, the understanding of volcanic processes will improve as more insights are gained. The report identifies key science questions in the field of volcano science, research and observation priorities, and provides approaches on how to build a volcano science community that is capable of addressing them.

The report identifies four common themes that have emerged from the discussions and the workshop:


 * 1) Develop multi-scale models that capture the critical processes, their feedbacks, and their thresholds to advance understanding of volcanic processes and the consequences of eruptions on the Earth System.
 * 2) Collect high-resolution measurements at more volcanoes throughout their life cycle to overcome observational bias.
 * 3) Synthesize a broad range of observations from the surface to space, to interpret unrest and forecast eruption size, style, and duration.
 * 4) Obtain better chronologies and rates of volcanic processes.

Grand Challenges in Volcano Science
The report also identifies three Grand Challenges that summarize key science questions, research and observation priorities, and new approaches in volcano science:


 * 1) Forecast the onset, size, duration, and hazard of eruptions by integrating observations with quantitative models of magma dynamics.
 * 2) Quantify the life cycles of volcanoes globally and overcome our current biased understanding.
 * 3) Develop a coordinated volcano science community to maximize scientific returns from any volcanic event.

Follow-up activities in volcano science
The ERUPT report made some key suggestions for coordinating the volcano science community that included enhancing interdisciplinary collaboration, the support for community infrastructure, educating and preparing future volcano scientists, developing the next generation of instrumentation for volcano science, and improving the access to data and data products. In order to address these suggestions several community activities are now launched:


 * The Community Network for Volcanic Eruption Response (CONVERSE) is a research collaboration network funded by NSF to coordinate the US academic and federal agency volcano science community to prepare for volcanic events occurring in the US.


 * The Modeling Collaboratory for subduction zone science (MCS) is a research collaboration network funded by NSF to make quantitative models more accessible to the volcano science community in order to advance our understanding of volcanic and other processes occurring in subduction zones.
 * The Cooperative Institute for Dynamic Earth Research (CIDER) is offering a 4 week lecture and tutorial course this summer on volcanoes. Volcanic gas pageThe abundance of gases varies considerably from volcano to volcano, with volcanic activity and with tectonic setting. Water vapour is consistently the most abundant volcanic gas, normally comprising more than 60% of total emissions. Carbon dioxide typically accounts for 10 to 40% of emissions.