User:Dr Gangrene/sandbox18

Research in Luxembourg takes place both in the public sector, in the country's only university and a variety of research centres; and in the private sector by companies in different sectors. It covers several areas in technology, natural sciences, the social sciences, and humanities and the arts.

In several areas, research in Luxembourg is closely intertwined with, and makes use of, the facts of Luxembourg's economy, infrastructure and culture. The university's stress on European law, for example, benefits from the presence of the European Court of Justice, other EU institutions, and the European character of the country. Similarly, another of the university's priorities, the study of finance, goes hand in hand with the huge importance of the country's finance and banking sector.

Public research
The first public research centres in Luxembourg were established towards the late 1980s. Since then, public research has developed considerably. At present, it is represented by the University of Luxembourg and several research centres.

University of Luxembourg
The University of Luxembourg was ranked 179th out of 1,102 universities in the Times Higher Education 's World University Rankings 2018.

It has the following focus areas for its research:
 * Strategic research priorities
 * Computational Sciences
 * Law, stressing European Law
 * Luxembourg School of Finance
 * Educational Sciences


 * Interdisciplinary Centres
 * Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT)
 * Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB)
 * Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (C2DH)
 * Other research priorities
 * Physical and Materials Science
 * Multilingualism and Cultural Studies
 * Entrepreneurship and Innovation / Audit
 * Sustainable Development

Public research centres

 * Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), created 1987 / 2015
 * Luxembourg Institute of Health, created 1988
 * IBBL (Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg) Institute, created 2008
 * Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER), created 1989


 * Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law, created 2012
 * Scientific Research Centre of the National Museum of Natural History of Luxembourg, created 1982

Private sector research
The following are the most innovative sectors in the country: The health sciences sector of Luxembourg has developed significantly recently and specialises in personalised medicine, diagnostics, bioinformatics, and e-Health. Companies in the country are active in various fields including biomedical analyses, compound and biomarker discovery, dental and orthopaedic implants, laboratory and hospital equipment, and health-related IT. Health sciences companies in Luxembourg include Advanced Biological Laboratories, Ketterthill, Laboratoires Réunis, and Waftergen Biosystems Europe.
 * Automotive
 * Health sciences and technologies
 * Clean technology (CleanTech)
 * Finance
 * Information and communications technology (ICT)
 * Logistics
 * Manufacturing
 * Space

Advantages
Luxembourg has several characteristics — geographic, economic, cultural, political — that are advantages as a location for companies and bodies to conduct research and development:

It enjoys a strong economic performance, with an open, diversified and stable economy. Its business-oriented regulatory framework makes it easy to incorporate companies. The country possesses first-rate ICT infrastructure, with low latency network connections to the major European internet hubs and ample data centre capacity. Additionally, there is a multinational and highly-skilled workforce, where staff can talk to global clients in their own language.

The country is situated close to Europe’s main business capitals, all of which can be reached easily by plane, train or road. The high-level social security, multilingual education system and safe environment provide a high quality of life, making Luxembourg attractive to the country’s extensive international community.

It possesses a public research infrastructure that is shaped in partnership with the private sector. There are several key public research organisations in the country, listed elsewhere.

Decision-makers, i.e. politicians and civil servants, are seen as ready to listen and respond to requests, even from smaller firms. The government offers access to capital, in the form of R&D and innovation grants, investment aids for SMEs and loans. Private financing can be obtained from business angel s, venture capital investors and private banks.

Government policy and support
Research and development have been priorities for the government since the early 1980s. In 1981 it adopted the first innovation and research support policy, which provided funding for R&D programmes and projects by Luxembourgish companies. In 1984, Luxinnovation was established. 1987 saw the law on public sector R&D, and the establishment of two public research centres, CRP Gabriel Lippmann and CRP Henri Tudor. A third, CRP Santé, was founded in 1988. In 1989, the Centre d’Etudes de Populations, de Pauvreté et de Politiques Socio-Economiques/International Network for Studies in Technology, Environment, Alternatives, Development (CEPS/INSTEAD) was founded.

The main government bodies involved in research are the Ministry of the Economy and the Ministry for Higher Education and Research, as well as the National Research Fund, Luxinnovation, and the Institut de la Propriété Intellectuelle Luxembourg.

The state budget for research, development and innovation increased from €28 million in 2000 to €326.4 million in 2014 (0.69% of GDP), and aims to increase this to between 2.3 and 2.6% of GDP by 2020. The government considers research and development to be vital to the Luxembourgish economy's growth and competitiveness. One of its main priorities is to increase collaboration between public and private sector research through better coordination and researcher mobility.

One example of this is the establishment of the City of Sciences, Research and Innovation in Belval, which allows activities to be concentrated there and favours public-private cooperation. The site contains parts of the University of Luxembourg, the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, the Luxembourg Institute of Health, the Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, Luxinnovation and the National Research Fund. Through the Luxembourg Cluster Initiative, the government also fosters centres of excellence based on public-private partnerships.

At the end of 2014, the government launched the "Digital Lëtzebuerg" strategy which promotes Luxembourg as a "smart nation" that is modern, open, highly connected and prepared for a digital society.