User:Drcarver22/Bark beetles

Bark Beetle Predators
Bark Beetle predators (Question asked on the original page): Bark Beetles are predators of trees, preying on coniferous trees such as longleaf pines. As they prey n these trees, they accumulate millions of dollars in timber damage by creating tunnels within the bark of these trees. These tunnels began to cut off the food supply such as the xylem and phloem, and the water supply the tree needs to survive. But these predators don't just prey on one tree, they move based on a chemical signal from a female bark beetle, which they become alerted by, and began to attack and cause damage to millions of trees, damaging trees stand after tree stand. However, the predator of these coniferous trees, the bark beetle, also has a predator, leaving them to become the preyed upon.

Bark Beetles are prayed upon by birds such as woodpeckers, beetles such as the black bellied clerid (Enoclerus lecontei) , flies such as the long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) , mites such as the Phoretic mites. The phoretic mites are more than just a predator of the bark beetle, mainly preying on the larvae. Phoretic uses the bark beetle to move from one location to the next.

As prey, the bark beetle pheromones used to attract other bark beetles become kairomones to their prey. The pheromones distinguish as kairomones are hormones, pheromones, or allomones of bark beetles, which in turn is used as a locater by prey that is attracted by it (flies).

References:
Rivera-Dávila, Olga Lidia; Sánchez-Martínez, Guillermo; Rico-Martínez, Roberto (2022-07). "Toxicity tests, bioaccumulation and residuality of pyrethroid insecticides commonly used to control conifer bark beetles in Mexico". Ecotoxicology. 31 (5): 782–796. doi:10.1007/s10646-022-02546-2. ISSN 0963-9292

Sullivan, B.T., Grady, A.M., Hofstetter, R.W. et al. Evidence for Semiochemical Divergence Between Sibling Bark Beetle Species: Dendroctonus brevicomis and Dendroctonus barberi. J Chem Ecol 47, 10–27 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-020-01233-y

Cardé, Ring T.; Millar, Jocelyn G. (2009), "Pheromones", Encyclopedia of Insects, Elsevier, pp. 766–772, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374144-8.00204-6, ISBN 978-0-12-374144-8, retrieved 2022-10-09

Symonds, M., & Gitau-Clarke, C. W. (2016). Chapter five - the evolution of aggregation pheromone diversity in bark beetles. Advances in Insect Physiology, 50, 195-234.

Wegensteiner, Rudolf; Wermelinger, Beat; Herrmann, Matthias (2015-01-01), Vega, Fernando E.; Hofstetter, Richard W. (eds.), "Chapter 7 - Natural Enemies of Bark Beetles: Predators, Parasitoids, Pathogens, and Nematodes", Bark Beetles, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 247–304, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417156-5.00007-1, ISBN 978-0-12-417156-5, retrieved 2022-10-31

"Bark Beetle FAQs". Ready for Wildfire. Retrieved 2022-10-31. https://www.readyforwildfire.org/forest-health/bark-beetle-information/bark-beetle-faqs/

Latif, Quresh. "Beetles and Birds". Connecting People, Birds and Land for a Healthy World. Retrieved 2022-10-31.

"Bark Beetles and Climate Change in the United States | Climate Change Resource Center". www.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-31.

"Bark Beetles Management Guidelines--UC IPM". ipm.ucanr.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-31.

Cilbircioğlu, Cihan; Kovač, Marta; Pernek, Milan (2021-05). "Associations of Phoretic Mites on Bark Beetles of the Genus Ips in the Black Sea Mountains of Turkey". Forests. 12 (5): 516. doi:10.3390/f12050516. ISSN 1999-4907.

Klowden, Marc J. (2013-01-01), Klowden, Marc J. (ed.), "Chapter 12 - Communication Systems", Physiological Systems in Insects (Third Edition), San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 603–647, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415819-1.00012-x, ISBN 978-0-12-415819-1, retrieved 2022-10-31