User:Drcarver22/Southern Pine Beetles, their chemicals, and the reactions

Southern Pine Beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Southern Pine Bark Beetle (SPB), also known as Southern Pine Beetle. The chemical behavior of the Southern Pine Beetle, looking at how a chemical presented by the female, when applied to trees such as Conifers as loblolly pines (Pinus taeda), longleaf (Pinus palustris), shortleaf (Pinus echinata), slash (Pinus elliottii), Virginia (Pinus virginiana), is a communicator, attracting both male and female SPBs. This attraction is known as an aggregation pheromone which presents a sensor behavior for communities of SPBs to the area, causing an infestation of Pine trees in the Southeastern U.S.

Selection of host trees, damaged, attractions, and attacks

When a tree or area of trees is selected for attack, a host tree is generally selected by the female SPB. She colonizes the selects the host the tree The host is usually a pine tree that is or has been stressed or damaged from natural disasters such as tornados and heavy winds, and areas where there may be a lack or thinning of pine trees causing a dense forest of pines. But, once SPBs are summoned to an area by the pheromone issued the female SPB, pines, stressed or damaged, and in a dense area of trees in good health, the stressed, or damaged are attacked and continuously destroyed. Southern Pine Beetles (SPB) are one of the most destructive insects to forests within the southeastern parts of us and the eradication process is costly.

The female Southern Pine Beetle (SPB) has been known to select host pine trees as the initial attack. The selected pine tree becomes a host site for the female SPBs to lay their eggs. A combination of the female SPB pheromone (fontalin which increases with the effectiveness of trans-verbenol also produced by the female SPB ) and the resin from the pine tree of selection, initiate infestations and send chemical signals for all other SPBs to join. When the female SPB drills within the bark of these pine trees, she creates pitch tubes. These pitch tubes cause the resin from the pine tree to begin to release as a thick sticky white color that consists of odor and has the appearance of popcorn on the outer back. By drilling through the inner bark, the natural food supply of these pine trees is cut off by the female SPB creating niches within the phloem of the tree to deposit her eggs. The drilling of these pitch holes interrupts the water supply, limiting the trees' life functioning cycle such as photosynthesis and needed foods for the tree to live. The food supply that the phloem provides, releases an aggregation pheromone known frontalin. The host trees selected by the female SPB in the Southeastern part of the US are preferably loblolly pine tree stands or conifer trees. The female deposits her eggs after the release of her chemical pheromone within the bark of the tree. Once this chemical aggregate is detected, other male and female SPBs are signaled. Once other beetles arrive, individual trees are selected for continuous pheromones and host chemical orders are initiators in the selection of other nearby trees as hosts using an infestation to colonize.

 Frontalin and Trans-verbenol 

Frontalin IUPAC:(1S,5R)-1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane) is a phenome of the female Southern Pine Beetle (SPB).

 References 

Shepherd, William P; Sullivan, Brian T (2019-02-13). "Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Pheromone Component trans -Verbenol: Enantiomeric Specificity and Potential as a Lure Adjuvant". Environmental Entomology. 48 (1): 193–201. doi:10.1093/ee/nvy169. ISSN 0046-225X.

Sullivan, Brian T.; Brownie, Cavell; Barrett, JoAnne P. (2016-05-20). "Intra-Annual Variation in Responses by Flying Southern Pine Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to Pheromone Componentendo-Brevicomin". Journal of Economic Entomology. 109 (4): 1720–1728. doi:10.1093/jee/tow078. ISSN 0022-0493.

Self, B. (n.d.). An Overview: The southern Pine Beetle in Mississippi | Mississippi State University Extension Service". extension.msstate.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-17.

Sullivan, B. T. (n.d.). Southern Pine Beetle Behavior and Semiochemistry. "southern pine beetle - Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-01.

Gomez, D. F., & Hulcr, J. (2019). The Southern Pine Beetle Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). EDIS, 2019(1). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-in333-2019

Liu, Z.; Xu, B.; Miao, Z.; Sun, J. (2013-07-01). "The Pheromone Frontalin and its Dual Function in the Invasive Bark Beetle Dendroctonus valens". Chemical Senses. 38 (6): 485–495. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjt019. ISSN 0379-864X.

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 10888022, Frontalin. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10888022.

William P Shepherd, Brian T Sullivan, Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Pheromone Component trans-Verbenol: Enantiomeric Specificity and Potential as a Lure Adjuvant, Environmental Entomology, Volume 48, Issue 1, February 2019, Pages 193–201, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy169

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 89664, trans-Verbenol. Retrieved November 7, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/trans-Verbenol.