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intrinsically disordered proteins
intrinsically disordered proteins https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2019.00010/full?

VIRUS
Post polio syndrom, PPS

Symptomer for PPS er generalized fatigue, sleep disturbance, decreased endurance, neuropsychological deficits, sensory symptoms, and chronic pain

DNA VIRUS
Family Poxviridae

Store vira med kompleks struktur med dimensioner på 400 × 250 nm, hvis genom er lineært dobbeltstrenget DNA. Virioner indeholder mindst 40 proteiner og lipider samt interne strukturer kaldet laterale kroppe. De 2 underfamilier kaldes Chordopoxvirinae, der inficerer hvirveldyr og er nært beslægtet antigenisk, og Entomopoxvirinae, der inficerer leddyr. Chordopoxvirinae er sammensat af grupper kaldet orthopoxviruses (vaccinia), parapoxvirus, avipoxvirus af fugle og mange andre, der inficerer får, kaniner og svin.

Large viruses of complex structure with dimensions of 400 × 250 nm, the genome of which is linear double-stranded DNA. Virions contain at least 40 proteins and lipids, as well as internal structures called lateral bodies. The 2 subfamilies are called Chordopoxvirinae, which infect vertebrates and are closely related antigenically, and Entomopoxvirinae, which infect arthropods. The Chordopoxvirinae are composed of groups called orthopoxviruses (vaccinia), parapoxviruses, avipoxviruses of birds, and many others that infect sheep, rabbits, and swine.

Family Adenoviridae

Nonenhulede virioner med icosahedralsymmetri, ca. 80 nm i diameter, og kapsider indeholdende 252 capsomerer med 12 hjørner, hvortil der er knyttet glycoproteinfibre 10–30 nm i længde med knopper i enderne. Genomet er lineært dobbeltstrenget DNA. Klassificeret i 2 undergrupper: mastadenovirus, der inficerer pattedyr og aviadenovirus, der inficerer fugle. Almindelige acuterespiratoriske og gastrointestinale patogener hos mennesker, og nogle typer forårsager ondartet transformation af dyrkede celler og kan forårsage kræft hos dyr.

Nonenveloped virions of icosahedral symmetry, about 80 nm in diameter, and capsids containing 252 capsomeres with 12 vertices to which are attached glycoprotein fibres 10–30 nm in length with knobs at the ends. The genome is linear double-stranded DNA. Classified in 2 subgroups: mastadenoviruses, which infect mammals, and aviadenoviruses, which infect birds. Common acuterespiratory and gastrointestinal pathogens of humans, and some types cause malignant transformation of cultured cells and can cause cancer in animals.

Family Herpesviridae

Herpesvirus er virus i virusfamilien Herpesviridae, som er mellemstore virus med inderst et genom af dobbeltstrænget DNA omgivet af et kapsid på 150–200 nm i diameter bestående af 162 kapsomerer med hver flere proteinsubunits. Yderst er en membrankappe med glycoproteiner

Biokemi

Systematik

Der er 3 kendte underfamilier:
 * Alphaherpesvirinae
 * Humant herpes simplexvirus type 1 og 2
 * Bovin mamillitisvirus
 * SA8-virus
 * Ape B-virus
 * Pseudorabiesvirus
 * Hesteherpesvirus
 * Varicella-zoster-virus;
 * Betaherpesvirinae, sammensat af arter af
 * Cytomegalovirus; og
 * Gammaherpesvirinae, sammensat af slægter kendt som *Epstein-Barr-virus
 * Bavian herpesvirus
 * Chimpansee herpesvirus
 * Mareks sygdomvirus af kyllinger
 * Kalkunherpesvirus
 * Herpesvirus saimiri
 * Herpesvirus ateles.

Icosahedral virions with capsid about 150–200 nm in diameter and 162 capsomeres surrounded by a floppy envelope containing glycoprotein spikes. Genome composed of linear double-stranded DNA. There are 3 known subfamilies: Alphaherpesvirinae, consisting of human herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2, bovine mamillitis virus, SA8 virus and monkey B virus, pseudorabies virus, equine herpesvirus, and varicella-zoster virus; Betaherpesvirinae, composed of species of cytomegaloviruses; and Gammaherpesvirinae, composed of genera familiarly called Epstein-Barr virus, baboon herpesvirus, chimpanzee herpesvirus, Marek’s disease virus of chickens, turkey herpesvirus, herpesvirus saimiri, and herpesvirus ateles.

Family Iridoviridae

Store indhyllede eller ikke-indhyllede icosahedrale virioner, der måler 120–350 nm i diameter og indeholder lineært dobbeltstrenget DNA. Slægter inkluderer Iridovirus, der indeholder irrelevant virus 6, og lymfocystivirus, der indeholder lymfocystis sygdom virus 1 af fisk.

Large enveloped or nonenveloped icosahedral virions measuring 120–350 nm in diameter and containing linear double-stranded DNA. Genera include Iridovirus, which contains invertebrate iridescent virus 6, and Lymphocystivirus, which contains lymphocystis disease virus 1 of fish.

Family Asfarviridae

Icosahedral, indhyllede virioner med en diameter på ca. 175–215 nm, der indeholder lineært dobbeltstrenget DNA. Denne familie består af en slægt, Asfivirus, der indeholder den afrikanske svinepestvirus.

Icosahedral, enveloped virions approximately 175–215 nm in diameter that contain linear double-stranded DNA. This family consists of one genus, Asfivirus, which contains the African swine fever virus.

Family Hepadnaviridae

Small enveloped, spherical virions about 40–48 nm in diameter containing circular double-stranded DNA with a single-stranded DNA region and a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase that repairs the single-stranded DNA gap and is essential for replication. Also characteristic are the use of reverse transcriptase for replication and an abundance of a soluble protein (HBsAg). Genera include Orthohepadnavirus, which consists of hepatitis B viruses that infect mammals, and Avihepadnavirus, which consists of hepatitis B viruses that infect birds.

Family Papillomaviridae

Icosahedral, ikke-omhyllede virioner omkring 52–55 nm i diameter med 72 capsomeres. Virioner indeholder kovalent bundet cirkulært DNA. Papillomavira vokser ikke i cellekultur, og de forårsager normalt vorter og godartede papillomer; i nogle tilfælde udvikler papillomer sig til kræft. Familien indeholder flere slægter.

Icosahedral, nonenveloped virions about 52–55 nm in diameter with 72 capsomeres. Virions contain covalently linked circular DNA. Papillomaviruses do not grow in cell culture, and they usually cause warts and benign papillomas; in some instances papillomas develop into cancers. The family contains multiple genera.

Family Parvoviridae

Lille icosahedral, ikke-omhyllede virioner med 32 capsomerer, der måler 18–26 nm i diameter, der indeholder enkeltstrenget DNA. Virus fra denne familie er opdelt i to underfamilier: Parvovirinae, der inficerer hvirveldyr, og Densovirinae, der inficerer insekter. Virveldyrets vira falder i 2 klasser: dem, der replikerer autonomt, og dem, der kun replikeres i nærvær af hjælperadenovirus eller herpesvirus, betegnet adenoassociated virus (AAV).

Small icosahedral, nonenveloped virions with 32 capsomeres measuring 18–26 nm in diameter that contain single-stranded DNA. Viruses of this family are divided into two subfamilies: Parvovirinae, which infect vertebrates, and Densovirinae, which infect insects. The vertebrate viruses fall into 2 classes: those that replicate autonomously and those that replicate only in the presence of helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses, designated adenoassociated viruses (AAV).

Family Polyomaviridae

Icosahedral, ikke-omhyllede virioner 40–55 nm i diameter. Virioner indeholder kovalent bundet cirkulært dobbeltstrenget DNA. Familien består af en slægt, Polyomavirus. Polyomavira producerer ondartet transformation af inficerede celler.

Icosahedral, nonenveloped virions 40–55 nm in diameter. Virions contain covalently linked circular double-stranded DNA. The family consists of one genus, Polyomavirus. The polyomaviruses produce malignant transformation of infected cells.

RNA VIRUS
Family Picornaviridae

Small icosahedral, nonenveloped virions 20–30 nm in diameter, composed of 60 capsomeres and containing nonsegmented single-stranded, positive-sense RNA. Among the multiple recognized genera are Enterovirus (polioviruses), Cardiovirus, Rhinovirus(common cold viruses), and Aphthovirus (foot-and-mouth disease virus).

Family Caliciviridae

Icosahedral, ikke-omhyllede virioner med en diameter på 35–39 nm, sammensat af 32 capsomerer og 180 molekyler af et enkelt kapsidprotein. Genomet består af en enkelt streng af RNA med positiv forstand. Prototypevirus i denne familie er svinevirusens vesikulære eksanem.

Icosahedral, nonenveloped virions about 35–39 nm in diameter, composed of 32 capsomeres and 180 molecules of a single capsid protein. The genome consists of a single strand of positive-sense RNA. The prototype virus of this family is the vesicular exanthema of swine virus.

Family Togaviridae

Omhyllede virioner sfærisk i form med icosahedral nucleocapsid ca. 70 nm i diameter. Genomet er enkeltstrenget positiv sans-RNA. Der er 2 anerkendte slægter: Alphavirus og Rubivirus. Alphavirus består af vira transmitteret af leddyr (udelukkende myg); prototyper inkluderer Sindbis-virus og østlig og vestlig encephalitisvirus. Rubivirus indeholder ikke-leddyrbårne vira, inklusive det forårsagende middel af tyske mæslinger.

Enveloped virions spherical in shape with icosahedral nucleocapsid about 70 nm in diameter. The genome is single-stranded positive-sense RNA. There are 2 recognized genera: Alphavirus and Rubivirus. Alphavirus consists of viruses transmitted by arthropods (exclusively mosquitoes); prototypes include Sindbis virus and eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses. Rubiviruscontains non-arthropod-borne viruses, including the causative agent of German measles.

Family Flaviviridae

Virus fra denne familie er indhyllet og sfærisk i form, med et genom bestående af ikke-segmenteret enkelstrenget RNA med positiv sans. Disse vira overføres enten af insekter eller arachnider og forårsager alvorlige sygdomme, såsom gul feber, dengue, flåttbåret encephalitis og japansk B-encephalitis. Andre medlemmer af denne familie inkluderer ikke-leddyr-båret hogkolera-virus (pestivirus) og hepatitis C-virus fra mennesker.

Viruses of this family are enveloped and spherical in shape, with a genome consisting of nonsegmented single-stranded positive-sense RNA. These viruses are transmitted by either insects or arachnids and cause severe diseases such as yellow fever, dengue, tick-borne encephalitis, and Japanese B encephalitis. Other members of this family include non-arthropod-borne hog cholera virus (pestivirus) and hepatitis C virus of humans.

Family Coronaviridae

Enveloped virions 120 nm in diameter with a helical nucleocapsid containing a single strand of positive-sense RNA. Club-shaped glycoprotein spikes in envelope give crownlike (coronal) appearance. Viruses of this family are important agents of respiratory and gastrointestinal disease in humans, poultry, and bovines.

Family Orthomyxoviridae

Omhyllede virioner omkring 80-120 nm i diameter med et spiralformet nucleocapsid indeholdende 8 segmenter af enkeltstrenget negativ-sense RNA og endogen RNA-polymerase. Lipoprotein-konvolutten indeholder 2 glycoproteiner, betegnet hæmagglutinin (hovedantigen) og neuraminidase. De bedst kendte vira i denne familie er de 3 forskellige antigene typer influenzavirus: A, B og C.

Enveloped virions about 80–120 nm in diameter with a helical nucleocapsid containing 8 segments of single-stranded negative-sense RNA and endogenous RNA polymerase. The lipoprotein envelope contains 2 glycoproteins, designated hemagglutinin (major antigen) and neuraminidase. The best-known viruses in this family are the 3 distinct antigenic types of influenza viruses: A, B, and C.

Family Paramyxoviridae

Omhyllede virioner varierende i størrelse fra 150 til 200 nm i diameter med et spiralformet nucleocapsid indeholdende en enkelt streng negativ-sens ikke-segmenteret RNA og en endogen RNA-polymerase. Lipoprotein-konvolutten indeholder 2 glycoprotein-pigge betegnet hæmagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) og fusionsfaktor (F). Den største underfamilie er Paramyxovirinae, der indeholder de humane parainfluenza-vira og fåresygevirus samt Newcastles sygdomvirus af fjerkræ. Slægten Morbillivirus inden for Paramyxovirinae indeholder de stoffer, der forårsager mæslinger hos mennesker, ubehag hos hunde og katte og rindepest hos kvæg. Den anden underfamilie, Pneumovirinae, forårsager den alvorlige respiratoriske syncytiale virussygdom hos humane spædbørn.

Enveloped virions varying in size from 150 to 200 nm in diameter with a helical nucleocapsid containing a single strand of negative-sense nonsegmented RNA and an endogenous RNA polymerase. The lipoprotein envelope contains 2 glycoprotein spikes designated hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion factor (F). The major subfamily is Paramyxovirinae, which contains the human parainfluenza viruses and mumps virus, as well as Newcastle disease virus of poultry. The genus Morbillivirus, within Paramyxovirinae, contains the agents that cause measles in humans, distemper in dogs and cats, and rinderpest in cattle. The second subfamily, Pneumovirinae, causes the serious respiratory syncytial virus disease in human infants.

Family Rhabdoviridae

Omhyllede virioner, sædvanligvis kugleformet, ca. 75 nm i diameter og 180 nm i længde, indeholdende et spiralformet nucleocapsid med enkeltstrenget negativ sans-RNA og en endogen RNA-polymerase. Lipoprotein-konvolutten indeholder et enkelt glycoprotein, som er det typespecifikke antigen. Virus fra denne familie er vidt infektiøse for planter og for dyr, der varierer fra insekter til mennesker. Slægter, der inficerer dyr, er Vesiculovirus, som inkluderer den virus, der forårsager vesikulær stomatitis hos kvæg, svin og hestefamilie, og Lyssavirus, der inkluderer det forårsagende middel af rabies.

Enveloped virions, usually bullet-shaped, about 75 nm in diameter and 180 nm in length, containing a helical nucleocapsid with single-stranded negative-sense RNA and an endogenous RNA polymerase. The lipoprotein envelope contains a single glycoprotein, which is the type-specific antigen. Viruses of this family are widely infectious for plants and for animals varying from insects to humans. Genera that infect animals are Vesiculovirus, which includes the virus that causes vesicular stomatitis in cattle, swine, and equines, and Lyssavirus, which includes the causative agent of rabies.

Family Filoviridae

Omhyllede virioner, variabelt aflange filamenter, der er 650-1.400 nm lange og pleomorfe i form, indeholdende et spiralformet nucleocapsid med enkeltstrenget negativ sans-RNA (ca. 19 kilobaser i længden) og en endogen RNA-polymerase. Ligesom Rhabdoviridae indeholder lipoprotein-kuverten et enkelt glycoprotein, som er det typespecifikke antigen. Familien består af 2 slægter: Filovirus, der indeholder Marburg-viraerne, og Ebolavirus, der indeholder ebolavirus. Disse vira er blevet isoleret fra afrikanske aber, og begge er blandt de farligste patogener. Nogle stammer forårsager alvorlig hæmoragisk feversin-mennesker; dødeligheden fra disse sygdomme er så høj som 90 procent. Menneskelige infektioner med Marburg-virus er sporet til laboratorie-aber, men menneskelige udbrud af dødelig ebolavirus-infektion i Congo (Kinshasa) og Sudan er ikke blevet sporet til aber. I stedet mistænkes for at disse infektioner er blevet overført fra frugtspisende flagermus.

Enveloped virions, variably elongated filaments 650–1,400 nm in length and pleomorphic in shape, containing a helical nucleocapsid with single-stranded negative-sense RNA (about 19 kilobases in length) and an endogenous RNA polymerase. Much like the Rhabdoviridae, the lipoprotein envelope contains a single glycoprotein, which is the type-specific antigen. The family consists of 2 genera: Filovirus, which contains the Marburg viruses, and Ebolavirus, which contains the Ebola viruses. These viruses have been isolated from African monkeys, and both are among the most dangerous pathogens. Some strains cause severe hemorrhagic feversin humans; the mortality rate from these diseases is as high as 90 percent. Human infections with Marburg virus have been traced to laboratory monkeys, but human outbreaks of fatal Ebola virus infection in Congo (Kinshasa) and Sudan have not been traced to monkeys. Instead, these infections are suspected to have been transmitted from fruit-eating bats.

Family Arenaviridae

Omhyllede virioner 110–130 nm i diameter med et spiralformet nucleocapsid i 2 segmenter indeholdende negativ sans-RNA, en endogen RNA-polymerase og små mængder ribosomalt RNA. Familien indeholder en enkelt slægt, Arenavirus, med arter, der er vidt distribueret i dyr og forårsager alvorlige menneskelige sygdomme. Mange af disse agenser overføres af insekter.

Enveloped virions 110–130 nm in diameter with a helical nucleocapsid in 2 segments containing negative-sense RNA, an endogenous RNA polymerase, and small amounts of ribosomal RNA. The family contains a single genus, Arenavirus, with species widely distributed in animals and causing serious human diseases. Many of these agents are transmitted by insects.

Family Bunyaviridae

Omhyllede virioner omkring 80-120 nm i diameter med et 3-segmentet spiralformet nucleocapsid indeholdende enkeltstrenget RNA af negativ forstand og endogen RNA-polymerase. Mange vira grupperet i 5 slægter: Orthobunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Nairovirus, Tospovirus og Hantavirus. De fleste af disse vira overføres af leddyr og forårsager alvorlig menneskelig sygdom.

https://basicmedicalkey.com/bunyaviridae/

Enveloped virions about 80–120 nm in diameter with a 3-segment helical nucleocapsid containing single-stranded RNA of negative sense and endogenous RNA polymerase. Many viruses grouped in 5 genera: Orthobunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Nairovirus, Tospovirus, and Hantavirus. Most of these viruses are transmitted by arthropods and cause serious human disease.

Family Retroviridae

Indhyllede virioner omkring 80-100 nm i diameter med 2 identiske kopier af enkelt positiv-streng RNA i ikke-defektive virioner og en omvendt transkriptase, som fremmer syntese af dobbeltstrenget DNA fra den virale RNA-skabelon. Et kendetegn ved virion-RNA-skabelonerne er lange terminale gentagelses- (LTR) nukleotidsekvenser, der tjener til integration af DNA'et i værtscelle-kromosomer. Retroviridae forårsager kræft i mange dyrearter, herunder mennesker, og er sandsynligvis afledt af normale cellenukleotidsekvenser kaldet proto-oncogenes. Visse retrovirus fra lentivirus-gruppen forårsager aids hos mennesker, aber, kattedyr og kvæg.

Enveloped virions about 80–100 nm in diameter with 2 identical copies of single positive-strand RNA in nondefective virions and a reverse transcriptase, which promotes synthesis of double-stranded DNA from the viral RNA template. A hallmark of the virion RNA templates is long terminal repeat (LTR) nucleotide sequences, which serve for integration of the DNA in chromosomes of the host cell. Retroviridae cause cancers in many species of animals, including humans, and are probably derived from normal cell nucleotide sequences called proto-oncogenes. Certain retroviruses of the lentivirus group cause AIDS in humans, monkeys, felines, and cattle.

Family Reoviridae

Nonenveloped icosahedral virioner med ydre og indre proteinskaller 60-80 nm i diameter og indeholder dobbeltstrenget RNA i 10 til 12 segmenter. Virus i denne familie inficerer mange arter af planter og dyr. Reoviridae-slægter, der indeholder arter, der er kendt for at inficere dyr, inkluderer Orthoreovirus, Orbivirus (udbredt i insekter og hvirveldyr, herunder bluetongue-sygdomvirus hos får), Rotavirus (udbredte årsagsmidler til gastroenteritis hos pattedyr, herunder mennesker) og Cypovirus (prototype forårsager cytoplasmisk polyhedrosisygdom hos insekter).

Nonenveloped icosahedral virions with outer and inner protein shells 60–80 nm in diameter and containing double-stranded RNA in 10 to 12 segments. Viruses in this family infect many species of plants and animals. Reoviridae genera containing species known to infect animals include Orthoreovirus, Orbivirus (widely distributed in insects and vertebrates, including bluetongue disease virus of sheep), Rotavirus (widespread causative agents of gastroenteritis in mammals, including humans), and Cypovirus (prototype causes cytoplasmic polyhedrosis disease in insects).

The control and eradication of pathogenic picornaviruses is an ongoing problem. Picornavirus evolution, ruled by high mutation rates and recombination, has made this viral group genetically and antigenically highly variable. Moreover, changes in virulence represent an unpredictable threat. Important lessons drawn from the polio eradication battle indicate the necessity of a new generation of vaccines (Agol et al., 2016). A holistic approach based on big data and mathematical modeling combining views from structural and evolutionary biology, cellular, and molecular immunology will allow a better understanding of picornavirus–host interactions. This knowledge could have the potential to foresee possible outbreaks and changes on viral virulence. Furthermore, these models may redefine the way new vaccines and antiviral therapies will be designed.