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Clinical Studies and Case Reports
The association between Polythelia and Urinary tract abnormalities has not been fully established yet in both adults and children. In some clinical studies, the presence of Polythelia or supernumerary nipple is an indication of the presence of nephrouropathies in children, and in others, an association between the two has not been proven to be statistically significant. Studies have yet to show the association (or no association) in adults, but the majority have been linked to children.

The correlation between the accessory nipples and renal abnormalities was first introduced by K. Mehes in 1979 in a study of 20 children with polythelia. In this study, eight out of the twenty children had kidney lesions, proving statistically significant data and concluded an association between supernumerary nipples and renal abnormalities.

In 1996, a study published by C. Urbani, M.D. and R. Betti, M.D. evaluated accessory mammary tissue (AMT) association with hereditary urinary and kidney abnormalities. In their study, they aimed to determine the significance of the association in the adult population since control studies were only based on newborns and children. They enrolled 146 white patients (men and women) with AMT with a total of 2645 patients. 11 patients with AMT were found to have kidney and urinary tract abnormalities. The study concluded that multiple factors are of importance in the determination of an association. These factors include age, race, ethnic group, hypertension, alcoholism and recently embryonic development defects. They found that there was a significantly higher occurrence of kidney and urinary abnormalities in patients with AMT compared to the control group, but no association or correlation was concluded between them.

In addition to clinical study findings, many case reports are also published providing a resource for the presence (or no presence) of kidney and renal abnormalities in patients with polythelia and familial polythelia. In one case report by A. Leung, renal abnormalities were recorded in a Chinese family father with polythelia and no findings of kidney/urinary tract abnormalities in his twin daughter's renal ultrasound. Whereas in other case reports by Hersh et al, recorded significant renal abnormalities in a family with polythelia. Both mother and daughter had significant renal cysts. These case reports provide controversial data regarding the association between polythelia and kidney/urinary tract abnormalities.

While these clinical studies and case reports provide controversial conclusions, the presence of polythelia in patients warrants physicians to be vigilant in their examinations and perform the necessary tests for kidney/urinary tract abnormality detections early in the course of their diagnosis.