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TRIBAL MIGRATION IN HIMALAYAN FRONTIERS - R P Khatana

ABOUT BOOK:

No Geographer of India had earlier investigated the problems of transhumance in the Himalayas. In this Book Dr. R.P. Khatana presents his excellent Research work based on extensive field work from 1973 to 1982 on the Gujjar Bakarwal transhumance in the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The book is based on the first-hand Knowledge of the author and the Study was completed under difficult conditions, sometimes even at the risk of personalsafety. Divided into three parts, the book consists of nine chapters. Each part studies the habitat, Society and Economy of the transhumants in a very comprehensive manner. The first part, 'A Quest of Transhumance' critically deals with the various definitions of 'Nomadism', 'Pastoralism', 'Nomadic Pastoralism', and Transhumance'. The Second part analyses the 'Patterns of Transhumance'. The Third part is an analysis of 'Sociology of Transhumance'. In the end there are appendices on the migration schedules, Folk songs and tribal history. This pioneering work will be of immense use to those who are dealing with the problems of the Himalayas and the Himalayan frontiers.

About the Author: Dr. Ram Parshad Khatana (b. 1938), the author of this book, is not only a scholar of great attainments but is also an untiring researcher. After completing M.A. (Geography) from Punjab University, Chandigarh, and LL.B. from Delhi University, Delhi, he started his Research on the 'Transhumance Economy of the Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir' at the Centre for the Study of Regional Development of the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. The results of his deep studies have been published in some very well-known works like Family, Kinship and Marriage among Muslims in India (Imtiaz Ahmad, Ed.), and Geography of Jammu and Kashmir (Majid Hussain, Ed.). He has contributed many research papers and has written another book, Gujjar, Gujjari Language and literature of Jammu And Kashmir (Urdu).

Contents:

I Owe it to them The Author's Dilemma Introduction Part I : A QUEST OF TRANSHUMANCE : 1. Transhumance : The Conceptual Frame 2. Ecology and the Tribe

Part II : PATTERNS OF TRANSHUMANCE : 3. Seasonal Migration : Mousmi Turan 4. Spatial Movements : Rasto 5. Encampments : Paraos 6. Oscillation in Time-Space Continuum

Part III : Sociology OF TRANSHUMANCE : 7. Social Interaction 8. Economic Interaction 9. Sedentarization Part I : A QUEST OF TRANSHUMANCE : 1. Transhumance : The Conceptual Frame 2. Ecology and the Tribe Part II : PATTERNS OF TRANSHUMANCE : 3. Seasonal Migration : Mousmi Turan 4. Spatial Movements : Rasto 5. Encampments : Paraos 6. Oscillation in Time-Space Continuum

Part III : Sociology OF TRANSHUMANCE : 7. Social Interaction 8. Economic Interaction 9. Sedentarization Part II : PATTERNS OF TRANSHUMANCE : 3. Seasonal Migration : Mousmi Turan 4. Spatial Movements : Rasto 5. Encampments : Paraos 6. Oscillation in Time-Space Continuum Part III : Sociology OF TRANSHUMANCE : 7. Social Interaction 8. Economic Interaction 9. Sedentarization Part III : Sociology OF TRANSHUMANCE : 7. Social Interaction 8. Economic Interaction 9. Sedentarization List of Plates2.1. Flock Grazing on Seasonal Pastures 2.2. Summer Pastures in Tilel Region 5.1. Site of Paraos : (a). Discussing Parao Site (b). Pitching of Tents 5.2. Activities during a Parao : (a). Household material unloaded (b). Visit from Women Relatives (c). Women looking after Household goods (d). Preparation of Meals (e). A Dera 7.1. Kafila Leaders : (a). An old Muqadam (b). Muqadams from Different Kafilas 7.2. Zigra Session : A complainant before the Zigra 7.3. Religious Place - The Shrine of Baba Larvi, Wangat Sharif 9.1. Sedentary Gujjara Bakarwal : (a). A Sedentary Maldar Gujjara Bakarwal (b). Helping his Tenant in Ploughing (c). Migratory Relatives Helping the Sedentary Gujjara Bakarwal List of Tables2.1. Major Oscillation Channels of Gujjar Bakarwals through Pir Panjal Passes 3.1. The Nature and Characteristics of each Dhiyara in different Ecologic Zones - Spring Migration, from Lamberi to Gadsar (20th April to 25th June 1973) Pir Panjal Pass Route 3.2. The Nature and Characteristics of each Dhiyara in different Ecologic Zones, Spring Migration, from Lamberi to Gadsar (28th April to 9th July 1974) Pir Panjal Pass Route 3.3. The Nature and Characteristics of each Dhiyara in different Ecologic Zones, Spring Migration, from Lamberi to Gadsar (8th May to 14th July 1979) Pir Panjal Pass Route 3.4. The Nature and Characteristics of each Dhiyara in different Ecologic Zones, Spring Migration, from Kirangyal to Sokh Nalla (16th April to 18th June 1978) Banihal Pass Route 3.5. The Nature and Characteristics of each Dhiyara in different Ecologic Zones, Spring Migration, from Sarano to Chuski Nalla (17th April to 20th June 1979) Banihal Pass Route 3.6. Number of Days taken each Ecologic Zone during Spring Migration 3.7. The Number of Dhiyaras taken in each Ecologic Zone during Spring Migrations 3.8. The Nature and Characteristics of each Dhiyara in different Ecologic Zones, Autumn Migration, from Gadsar to Lamberi (20th September to 15th November 1975) Pir Panjal Pass Route 3.9. The Nature and Characteristics of each Dhiyara in different Ecologic Zones, Autumn Migration, from Gadsar to Lamberi (20th September to 15th November 1978) Pir Panjal Pass Route 3.10. The Nature and Characteristics of each Dhiyara in different Ecologic Zones, Autumn Migration, from Butkalan to Kamal Forest (1st September to 5th November 1977) Banihal Pass Route 3.11. The Nature and Characteristics of each Dhiyara in different Ecologic Zones, Autumn Migration, from Butkalan to Sarano (from 4th September to 7th November 1978) Banihal Pass Route 3.12. Number of Days taken in each Ecologic Zone during Autumn Migrations 3.13. The Number of Dhiyara in each Ecologic Zone during Autumn Migrations 4.1. Number of Kafila Migrants on Each Route 4.2. Nature of Problems and Regulatory Measures during Seasonal Migrations on Pir Panjal and Banihal Pass Route 5.1. Nature of Halts : Paraos on Pir Panjal Pass Route (Spring Migrations) 5.2. Nature of Halts : Paraos on Pir Panjal Pass Route (Autumn Migrations) 5.3. Nature of Halts : Paraos on Banihal Pass Route (Spring Migrations) 5.4. Nature of Halts : Paraos on Banihal Pass Route (Autumn Migrations) 7.1. Number of Persons per Dera Unit in Two Kafilas 7.2. Kinsmen within each Dera divided by Dera Types 7.3. Social Links Among Households of Three Herding Units in One Kafila 8.1. Socio-Economic Status Groups and Flock Strength Categories Among the Gujjar Bakarwals 8.2. Productive Asset Groups in Money Terms 8.3. Pattern of Ownership of Productive Assets by Asset Groups (Average Number Per Family in each Group) 8.4. Ownership of Flock by Asset Group (Average size, Per Family) 8.5. Per Capita Availability of Land and Flock by Asset Groups 8.6. Percentage of Flock Mortality and Replacement Rate by Asset Groups 8.7. Number of Families which are Landowners and Landless by Asset Groups 8.8. Percentage share of Ownership of a Group from the total Productive Assets by Asset Groups 8.9. Number of Families having Number of Males Above 14 years of Age (Male work Force) by Asset Groups 8.10. Number of Ajris Engaged by Number of Families (Contractual Labour) by Asset Groups 8.11. Flock size Possessed by Number of Families by Asset Groups 8.12. The Land size Possessed by the Number of Families in each Asset Groups (In Acres) 8.13. Percentage share of Gross Income-Source-wise by Asset Groups 8.14. Percentage share of Gross Income From Flock Products by Asset Groups 8.15. Percentage share of Supplementary Income from Various Occupations by Asset Groups 8.16. Average Gross Income per Unit of Production by Asset Groups 8.17. Operational Cost per Unit of Productive Asset 8.18. Net Income, Per Household, Per Capita, Per Unit of Production by Asset Groups 8.19. Annual Household Consumption by Asset Groups (in Rupees) 8.20. Annual Savings and Number of Families in Deficit and Surplus in each Asset Group 8.21. Investment on Non-productive Assets in each Asset Group (Per Household in Rupees) 9.1 Purchase of Land and Sedentarization in Different Generations in Main Bagga's Genealogy 9.2. Variations in the Incidence of Sedentarization Among Major Gujjar Bakarwal Kafilas in Jammu and Kashmir 9.3. Duration of occupancy and stay in Various Localities on the Oscillation Channel in Different Seasons of the Year 9.4. Percentage of Variation in Population Increase (+) Decrease (-) 9.5. Percentage of the Settled Households on Banihal and Pir Panjal Pass Routes in Different Localities List of Appendix (Appendices)I. Gujjar Bakarwal Seasonal Pastures in Jammu and Kashmir II. Daily Report of Migration (Spring/Autumn) III. Methodology of Plotting the migration graphs IV. Seasonal Migration Tables (Numbering 3.1 to 3.13) V. Baramah VI. Sedentarization : The Claim of Kafila Elders : 1. The History of Sedentarization of different Kafilas along Banihal Pass Route 2. The History of Sedentarization of different Kafilas Pir Panjal Pass Route

List of Figures

1.1. Nomadism, Pastoralism - Nomadic Pastoralism 1.2. Man, Animal and Pasture Combination in Specific Environment 2.1. Study Area 2.2. Gujjar Bakarwals Habitat-Seasonal Pastures - Dhoks and Margs 2.3. Gujjar Bakarwals Habitat - (Snow Map) 2.4. Diffusion of Gujjars 2.5. Gujjar Bakarwals Transhumance Routes in Jammu and Kashmir 3.0. Index to Migration Graphs 3.1. Spring Migration 1973 - Pir Panjal Pass Route 3.2. Spring Migration 1974 - Pir Panjal Pass Route 3.3. Spring Migration 1979 - Pir Panjal Pass Route 3.4. Spring Migration 1978 - Banihal Pass Route 3.5. Spring Migration 1979 - Banihal Pass Route 3.6. Autumn Migration 1975 - Pir Panjal Pass Route 3.7. Autumn Migration 1978 - Pir Panjal Pass Route 3.8. Autumn Migration 1977 - Banihal Pass Route 3.9. Autumn Migration 1978 - Banihal Pass Route 4.1. Flow of Kafilas 4.2. Profile Pir Panjal Pass Route and Banihal Pass Route 4.3. Pir Panjal Pass Route - Flow of Kafilas 4.4. Banihal Pass Route - Flow of Kafilas 4.5. Problem Zones on Pir Panjal Pass and Banihal Pass Routes 5.1. Parao Sites on Pir Panjal Pass and Banihal Pass Routes 6.1. Yearly Cycle of Gujjar Bakarwals 7.1. Genealogy of a Gujjar Bakarwal Kafila 7.2. Nature of Social Groupings on Pir Panjal Pass and Banihal Pass Routes in Different Movement Zones 8.1. The Process of Strata Formation Among Gujjar Bakarwal Pastoral Nomads 9.1. Tendency Towards Sedentarization in Different Generations in a Gujjar Bakarwal Kafila 9.2. Location of Jhonpras and Baras on Outer Hills 9.3. Location of Dharas in Summer Pastures 9.4. Location of Kothas and Bandis in Side Valleys 9.5. Sedentarization on the Pir Panjal and the Banihal Pass Routes

Review: "Livestock plays an exceedingly important role the Indian economy. However, very little attention has been paid to the transhumance economy in the country. The present study by the author makes interesting reading because no work of significance as been done on Gujara Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir State and no studies on them have been undertaken so far. The Gujara Bakarwal is one of the transhumance groups of the State whose mode production depends on the rearing of sheep, goats and utilization of season's specific natural pastures lying at different altitudes in the Western Himalayas. The study was completed under very difficult conditions and sometimes even at the risk of personal safety. It breaks new grounds for future studies because this is particularly important in the current phase when the inadequacy of nonrenewable resources has brought into focus the crucial significance of utilising cyclic resources. The study is entirely based on the data collected the author and the investigators during the field work done from 1973 to 1982". - Editor J.N.U. News Feb. 1986 == ==== Big text