User:Dsilvas3/sandbox

Practice Hi peer-reviewers:

Please scroll to where is says start here

This is the proposal and the goal of the information I will be adding to the wiki page about women in position of power.

• What is the topic?

The topic I have chosen is women in power position.

• Why is this topic important or meaningful?

I still remember when the 2008 election were happening, and I saw Obama and Clinton go against each other to become the democratic representative to run for president. I was 10 years old when I saw Hilary Clinton run and I just remember being so represented and proud as a little girl. It’s surprising how far our nation has come from having no women in the government when Washington was president to now having women as senators, congresswomen, and judges in the highest court. Also, now that Kamala Harris is running besides to Joe Biden in the election as the first women Vice President I feel like women are being represented at a different level.

• Does it already have a Wiki page covering it?

Yes

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Women_in_positions_of_power

o If so, what gaps in content do you see?

The article address how there had been gender inequality when it comes to women holding power position.

The article address gender as a factor of how this is a problem for women to hold power. They talk about how gender plays a role. Something that caught my eye was how they talked about how women have less access to forms of power in certain parts of the world. This gave me the idea to focus on backlash. We have been talking a lot about backlash in class within government and education. The article also address other factors such as race,class, age, etc.

o How do you plan on addressing those gaps?

I have many ideas about what I want to address. I want to look into types of gender inequality (focusing on backlash) or/and how social media plays a role in how these people get into power. I noticed the article itself needs a lot of work and there are some bias comments I would like to edit.

Adding on I would like to add a section to this wiki page address backlash women in power face. For example, Michelle Obama, Hilary Clinton, AOC, Kamala Harris, and many more. I think that we see a lot of comments on social media saying that women are not capable to representing a state or our nations. I always think about how Hilary Clinton got so much backlash just for being brave and a educated women. I want to find out more about how men view women and how these backlash and stereotype effect how many women get to hold powerful positions around the world.

• What are the main points you will be making in your page?

1.   Women can hold positions in power

2.   Women get different types of backlash

3.   Women stereotypes

• What sources do you have to back up your points? For this assignment, provide at least 3 sources for points you’d like to make (remember, you’ll need at least 5 sources for the final project).

1.     Mayaram, S. (2002). The Backlash Against Women in the Panchayat System. The Violence of Development: The Political Economy of Gender, 393.

a.     https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hfWQAiM5a7oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA393&dq=backlash+of+women+in+governance&ots=bfkcrbn12d&sig=yjSn8yGTJ_cKTTese39-xqk0AN8#v=onepage&q=backlash%20of%20women%20in%20governance&f=false

2.      Williams, M. J., & Tiedens, L. Z. (2016). The subtle suspension of backlash: A meta-analysis of penalties for women’s implicit and explicit dominance behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 142(2), 165.

a.     https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2015-56707-001

3.        Leventhal G, Herbert H. Effect of Subjects’ Sex and Sex-Role Attitudes on Real and Perceived Performance Using Gender-Related Stimuli with Traditional and Nontraditional Female Experimenters. Psychological Reports. 1990;66(1):259-266. doi:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.1.259

a.     https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-22438-001

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 Women’s Right Beginning[edit ] 

Women throughout history were mainly seen as stay home mothers. Women would cook for their working husband, clean the house, and take care of the children. Women did not hold many rights to express their opinion. Women have struggled for years for their rights. Women were able to run for a position in office even before women had the right to vote.

Since the 1840s women have been struggling to obtain women’s rights. On June 4, 1919, Congress passed the 19th amendment that gave women the right to vote. In 1920, the 19th amendment was approved and official, giving women the right to vote. Although this was a big accomplishment for the women's right movement it was just the beginning. The amendment was passed but there were still issues to be addressed.

Women are now viewed as equal back in late 1800s, but they still suffer from backlash, stereotypes, and discrimination. Throughout history many nations have seen many changes in their society where women have gained many rights. Women now can vote, have jobs and hold positions in power.

 Backlash[edit ] 

Backlash is a sudden backward movement that interferes with progress that is being made in other words meaning to recoil. Backlash can also be defined as a normative resentment through a group of individuals. Backlash has the idea of using the “blaming the victim” scenario for progress. This strategy has been addressed by multiple journalists and feminist.

A well-known book that addresses backlash advances through the past century is Susan Faludi's book called Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women. One of the major points Faludi identifies is that backlash is a historical trend that is traced back to the 1980s. She states that backlash started to reoccur more when women expressed their need of equal rights.

 Effects of Backlash[edit ] 

Backlash is related to the idea of the negative views of people who go against their group norms, in this example if there would be women in power. For many years leadership has been seen as a male pursuit. Women who have against these norms have received penalties.

One of the traits that women who violate the norms are related to is dominance especially women in power. Studies have shown that dominance is a gender linked personality trait that men would mostly identify with. On the contrary, women’s gender linked personality trait is warmth and nurturing. Society has always maintained the idea of men showing more dominance and not showing any nurturing traits. When a woman shows a man's personality trait this violates the norms and presents a threat to the established norms. Women in power must pay a social cost such a backlash.

Women have taken jobs in fields that are mainly men dominant. Existing social order is not easy for women to do in today’s times. There are still some individuals who believe women should not hold positions in power. Women received backlash from being viewed as dominance. Dominance on a woman provides a bad view on them and is perceived as a norm violation which affects the level of liking towards an individual.

Women who hold agentic behavior have also endured backlash. According to society women who behave in an agentic manner are violating the norms and perceived to hold man traits. Women who are agentic are viewed to be less nice. Many people believe that women should bring their expertise and skills to the public service. However, all the backlash women receives this causes for their likability to decrease.

In a study where Hunt and his colleagues called "The polarising effect of female leaders" looked into the interest of politics of both women and men after they are reminded of the sexism women in power face. The participants were reminded of the leadership of Australia's first female prime minister. One of the finding for this study was that women with low rates of conformity to femininely norms would have a higher interest to enter politics after being reminded of the sexism politician women face.

 North America - USA [edit ] 


 * First woman elected to the US Congress was Jeannette Rankin of Montana in 1916 even before the 19th amendment was passed.
 * First woman elected to the Senate was Rebecca Felton of Georgia in 1922.
 * First woman elected to the Supreme Court was Sandra Day O'Connor in 1981. O'Connor was nominated and appointed by President Ronald. O'Connor served the Supreme Court from 1981 to 2006. She is one of the five women who have served in the highest court of the United States of American. The second woman to serve the Supreme Court was Ruth Bader Ginsburg who was appointed by President Clinton in 1993.
 * Kamala Harris became the first elected vice president of the United State of America in November 2020.
 * 2,132 seats in the state legislatures were held by women in 2019.