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= Rayna Rapp = Rayna Rapp (former Rayna R. Reiter ) is a professor and associate chair of anthropology at New York University, specializing in gender and health; the politics of reproduction; science, technology, and genetics; and disability in the United States and Europe. She has contributed over 80 published works to the field of anthropology, independently, as a co-author, editor, and forward-writing, including Robbie Davis-Floyd and Carolyn Sargent's Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge. Her 1999 book,Testing Women, Testing the Fetus: the Social Impact of Amniocentesis in America, received multiple awards upon release and has been praised for providing "invaluable insights into the first generation of women who had to decide whether or not to terminate their pregnancies on the basis of amniocentesis result". She co-authored many articles with Faye Ginsburg, including Enabling Disability: Rewriting Kinship, Reimagining Citizenship, a topic the pair has continued to research.

Education and Career
Rapp received her PhD from the University of Michigan in 1973 after completing her Bachelor's (with honors) and Master's degrees from 1964-1969, each in Anthropology. After obtaining her PhD, Rapp continued her academic career at the New School For Social Research from 1973-1998, where she chaired the Anthropology department and founded and chaired the Graduate Program in Gender Studies and Feminist Theory. She published Testing Women, Testing the Women in 1999 after fifteen years of field work during her time there. In 2001, Rapp became a professor of Anthropology at New York University, acquiring the role of Associate Chair of the Department in 2010. She served on the Executive Board of the American Anthropological Association from 2012-2015.

Rapp has spoken at multiple universities and conferences around the United States and Europe, including the University of Texas at Austin, University of Kentucky , and the MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics.

Rapp has also acted as mentor and advisor to feminist anthropologists Khiara Bridges and Elise Andaya.

Influence and Critical Reception
Towards an Anthropology of Women (1975), which Rapp edited under the name Rayna Reiter, brings together articles that examine the historical structures that influence gender and inequity across cultures, but does so without trying to prove the universality of womanhood, according to June Nash. Nash views the collection as simultaneously promoting the study and understanding of both women and anthropology.

In 1999, Rapp published Testing Women, Testing the Fetus, which Adele Clark describes as "[making] significant and enduring contributions to...sociology and science and technology, medical sociology and anthropology, research methods, women’s studies, feminist theory, clinical genetics, medicine, [and] nursing." Rapp drew on her own experience with amniocentesis in her approach towards the book, participating in fifteen years of fieldwork and engaging with laboratory technicians, geneticists, support groups (of women who terminated pregnancies and families with disabled children), families of children with Down syndrome, genetic counselors, women who underwent amniocentesis or who refused the test, and some male partners.

Work with Faye Ginsburg
Rapp's work with long-time coauthor Faye Ginsburg focuses on disability, reproduction, science, and social structures. Their most recent work, “’Not Dead Yet’: Changing Disability Imaginaries in the 21st Century” examines the continuation of eugenic thinking and how it intersects with disability and public consciousness. The pair have also explored "disability consciousness and cultural innovation in special education". Rapp and Ginsburg's previous work, Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction brought together multiple articles with the purpose of placing reproduction at the center of social theory. In that collection, Ginsburg and Rapp recall Shellee Colen's idea of "stratified reproduction", which they define as: "The power relations by which some categories of people are empowered to nurture and reproduce, while others are disempowered." Carolyn Sargent has praised the collection for "effectively [tracing] the intersections between global dynamics and local cultural logic and social relations."

Current Work
Rapp believes "there is 'a widening chasm' between the medical-scientific utopian dreams of human perfectibility and the public’s understanding of human diversity and impairment". Her work in both genetics and reproduction has resulted in extensive research into multiple reproductive technologies, including amniocentesis and non-invasive prenatal diagnosis tests. Rapp stresses the "highly stratified and gendered benefits and burdens" these types of technologies carry and the audience they are marketed to. Rapp has extended this work to examine how human disability intersects with prejudice, diversity, and "discrimination based on racial-ethnic, class, national, religious, and gendered backgrounds".

Honors and Awards

 * 2014-15 John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship
 * 2012 “Engendering the Field: a Story of Contingency” Distinguished Lecture/ plaque (AAA)
 * 2002 GAD Centennial Distinguished Lecture, American Anthropological Association

Testing Women, Testing the Fetus: the Social Impact of Amniocentesis in America

 * 1999 Forsythe Book Prize, Committee on the Anthropology of Science, Technology & Computing
 * 1999 Basker Book Prize, Society for Medical Anthropology
 * 1999 Senior Book Prize, American Ethnological Society
 * 2003 Staley Prize, School of American Research

== Bibliography ==

Independent Works

 * 2011      “Reproductive Entanglements: Body, State and Culture in the Dys/Regulation of Child-Bearing” (Review Essay). Social Research 78: 693-718.
 * 2011      “A Child Surrounds This Brain: the Future of Neurological Difference According to Scientists, Parents, and Diagnosed Young Adults in Martyn Pickersgill & Ira Vankeulen eds., Sociological Reflections on the Neurosciences. London: Emerald: 3-26.
 * 2011      “Chasing Science: Children’s Brains, Scientific Technologies, Family Participation” Science, Technology & Human Values, 36 (5): 662-684.
 * 2007      “Imagining Gender Futures”. Anthropology Newsletter May 48 (5) 5-6.
 * 2006      “Reason to Believe”, special issue on IVF & religion, Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry  30 (4):
 * 2006      “The Thick Social Matrix for Bioethics: Anthropological Approaches ” in Christoph  Rehmann-Sutter et al, eds. Bioethics in Cultural Contexts: Reflections on Method and Finitude. Springer, pp. 341-351
 * 2005      “Commentary: The Eclipse of the Gene and the Return of Divination” by Margaret Lock.  Current Anthropology 46: S64-65.
 * 2003     “Cell Life and Death, Child Life and Death: Genomic Horizons, Genetic Disease, Family Stories” In Sarah Franklin and Margaret Lock, eds.2003.  Remaking Life and Death. School of American Studies Press, 129-164.
 * 2001     “Gender, Body, Biomedicine: How Some Feminist Concerns Dragged Reproduction to the Center of Social Theory”.  Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 15 (4): 466-477.
 * 1999     Testing the Women, Testing the Fetus: The Social Impact of Amniocentesis in America

Coauthored

 * 2007      “Anthropologists Are Talking About Feminist Anthropology: Louise Lamphere, Rayna Rapp, Gayle Rubin”. Roundtable, Ethnos 72 (3): 408-426
 * 2005      “Race Variables in Genetic Studies: Complex Traits and the Goal of Reducing Health Disparities” (with Alexandra Shields, Michael Fortun, Evelynn Hammonds, Patricia King, Caryn Lerman, and Patrick Sullivan) American Psychologist, January, pp 77-103.

With Deborah Heath and Karen Sue Taussig

 * 2004     “Genetic Citizenship” David Nugent & Joan Vincent, eds. A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics. Blackwells, 152-167.
 * 2003     “Flexible Eugenics: Technologies of the Self in the Age of Genetics”. In Alan Goodman, Deborah Heath and Susan Lindee, eds. Genetic Nature/ Culture:  Anthropology and Science Beyond the Two Culture Divide, University of California Press, 58-76.
 * 2001     “Genealogical Dis-ease: Where Hereditary Abnormality, Biomedical Explanation, and Family Responsibility Meet”.  In Sarah Franklin and Susan McKinnon, eds. Relative Values: Reconfiguring Kinship Studies. Duke University Press, pp. 384-409.

With Faye Ginsburg

 * 2013      “Entangled Ethnography: Imagining a Future for Young Adults with Learning Disabilities” special issue of Social Science & Medicine 99: 187-193.
 * 2013      “Disability Worlds”, Annual Rev Anthropology. 42: 53-68.
 * 2012      “Disability Worlds” in Marcia Inhorn and Emily Wertzel, eds. Medical Anthropology at the Crossroads.  Duke Univ. Press: 163-182.
 * 2011      “Reverberations: Disability and the Kinship Imaginary”. Anthropological Quarterly, 84 (2): 379-410.
 * 2011      “The Paradox of Recognition: Success or Stigma for Children with Learning Disabilities”.  In Janice McLaughlin et al, eds. Recognition and Citizenship. Palgrave. pp 166-186.
 * 2010      “The Human Nature of Disability”. American Anthropologist Dec. 112 (4) 518.
 * 2010      “The Social Distribution of Moxie” Disability Studies Quarterly June 30 (2): 1-12.
 * 2007:     “Enlarging Reproduction, Screening Disability” in Marcia Inhorn, ed. Disrupted Reproduction.BergenHahn Press: 98-121.
 * 2001     “Enabling Disability: Rewriting Kinship, Reimagining Citizenship”  Public Culture 13: 533-556

Editor

 * Towards an Anthropology of Women
 * Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction (with Faye Ginsburg)
 * Reproduction, Globalization, and the State: New Theoretical and Ethnographic Perspectives (Coeditor)
 * Annual Review of Anthropology
 * Medical Anthropology
 * Women & Health
 * Dialectical Anthropology
 * Feminist Studies
 * Signs (journal)
 * New Feminist Library