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Yeung Ku-wan (19 December 1861 – 11 January 1901) was a Chinese revolutionary of the late Qing Dynasty. In 1890, Yeung started the Furen Literary Society (輔仁文社) in British colonial Hong Kong to spread ideas of revolution against the Qing Dynasty and to establish a republic in China. He became the first President of the Hong Kong Chapter of the Revive China Society in 1894 and was, with Sun Yat-sen, in charge of planning an uprising in Canton (now Guangzhou) in 1895 and in Huizhou in 1900. Yeung was assassinated in 1901 in Hong Kong by an agent sent by the Qing government.

Names
The original name of Yeung Ku-wan was Yeung Fei-hung, his style name was Siu-chun. He signed himself 'Yeung Küwan' when he lived in Hong Kong and is now known as Yeung Ku-wan.

Biography
Yeung's ancestral home was in Haicheng (海澄; a town in present-day Longhai City, Fujian), but he was born in Fumen Walled City, Dongguan, Guangdong. At a young age, he followed his father to Hong Kong and was educated in St. Paul's College. When he was 14, Yeung learned how to operate machinery in a shipyard but an accident caused him to lose three fingers from his right hand. He switched to reading English and became a teacher after graduating. Later, he worked in the Zhaoshangju (招商局; now the China Merchants Group) as its chief secretary, as well as being a vice-manager in the Sassoon Maritime Company (沙遜洋行).

Yeung's knowledge of Chinese was scanty and he tried to improve it when he became involved in politics. His experiences in Hong Kong had given him a pugnacious nationalism: boxing was one of his hobbies and he was quick with his fists when he encountered foreigners taking advantage of Chinese people. His extensive reading of Western literature enabled him to speak with authority on revolutionary theory and history, and he is said to have dominated discussions on these subjects. He would instinctively assume the seat of honour at social gatherings and was not to be interrupted during his discourses.

On 13 March 1892, Yeung, together with Tse Tsan-tai and others, started the Furen Literary Society (輔仁文社) in Pak Tsz Lane, Sheung Wan, with Yeung as their leader and the guiding principles of "Open up the people's minds" (開通民智) and "Love your country with all your heart" (盡心愛國). The society released books and papers discussing the future of China and advocating the overthrow of the Qing government and establishment of a republic in China. Yeung was also a member of the Hongmen (洪門), an anti-government secret organisation.

In November 1894, Sun Yat-sen founded the Revive China Society( Xingzhonghui) in Honolulu, Hawaii. He returned to Hong Kong in early 1895 and met up again with Yeung, whom he had first met in 1891. As they both wanted to take advantage of the uneasy political situation due to the First Sino-Japanese War, on 18 February 1895 the Furen Literary Society was merged into the Revive China Society, with help from Yau Lit, a close friend of Sun and member of Furen. Yeung and Sun became the President and Secretary of the Society respectively. They disguised their activities in Hong Kong under the guise of running a "Qianheng Company" (乾亨行).

In October 1895, the Revive China Society planned to launch an uprising in Guangzhou, with Yeung directing the uprising from Hong Kong. However, their plans leaked out and more than 70 members, including Lu Hao-tung, were captured by the Qing government.

Under pressure from the Qing government in mainland China, the British colonial authorities in Hong Kong forced Yeung and Sun Yat-sen to leave, barring them from entering Hong Kong over the next five years. Yeung travelled to Johannesburg, South Africa, via Singapore and later to Japan, where he stayed from 1896–1899, to expand the Revive China Society and spread its ideas. While in Japan, he also gave private tuition in English.

His relationship with Sun Yat-sen was complicated: Yeung was President (and Sun was Secretary) when his Furen Literary Society first merged with Sun's Revive China Society in 1895 (renamed as the Hong Kong chapter of the Xingzhonghui). However Sun gradually became more powerful and edged Yeung out, resulting in Yeung resigning (as President) in 1899, to be succeeded by Sun Yat-sen.

In 1900, Yeung started another uprising in Huizhou, Guangdong, but this also failed. He returned to Hong Kong and taught English in a school at Gage Street to support his family. On 10 January 1901, around 6pm, Yeung was shot in the head and chest (while tutoring students on the second floor of his home with his young child seated on his lap) by Chen Lin (陳林), an assassin sent by the Qing government. He died from his wounds the following day and was buried in the Hong Kong Cemetery in Happy Valley. His tomb was completed on 23 December 1901.

After Yeung died, Sun issued formal condolences and initiated fundraising for Yeung's family.

Condolence letter from Sun Yat-sen
Almost a month after Yeung Ku-wan had been assassinated, Sun Yat-sen, who was in Japan having been exiled from Hong Kong, sent a letter of condolence to Tse Tsan-tai. During a meeting to mourn Yeung's passing, Sun Yat-sen expressed his sadness and stated that he and his companions had managed to collect 1000 silver dollars to assist Yeung's widow and family. The comrades expressed their sadness and several gave speeches about Yeung's life and his ambitions. The money was to be delivered to the Hong Kong China Daily newspaper which would pass it on to Yeung's family. The newspaper also promised to help the family in other ways too. Sun Yat-sen's eulogy was also sent to many of their colleagues in both east and west Japan.


 * Dear Kang Ru [Editor's note: Tse Tsan-tai]
 * As you know, our friend Yeung was assassinated in Hong Kong a few days ago [Editor's note: 11 Jan 1901]. When I got this bad news, I passed it onto all our comrades immediately.  Myself and all comrades are so full of grief, indignation and extreme sadness that we can not find words to express our feelings!  Having failed to gather everybody for a mourning serivice on 26 January, I organised a meeting on the 7th this month with all the friends and comrades to remember Yeung.
 * As you know, our friend Yeung was assassinated in Hong Kong a few days ago [Editor's note: 11 Jan 1901]. When I got this bad news, I passed it onto all our comrades immediately.  Myself and all comrades are so full of grief, indignation and extreme sadness that we can not find words to express our feelings!  Having failed to gather everybody for a mourning serivice on 26 January, I organised a meeting on the 7th this month with all the friends and comrades to remember Yeung.


 * Comrade You stood up first and gave a brief speech about Yeung’s whole life, where he was from, his ambitions and his vision when confronting problems. We used this ceremony to pay tribute to Yeung.  We will never forget him.  At the ceremony many Comrades could not hold their emotion, and they cried and shouted….
 * I personally used this opportunity to call for donations to support Yeung’s family. All the comrades gave a donation, and the total is 1000 silver dollars.  Then Comrade You thanked all the friends for their generous support on behalf of Yeung’s family. After that the ceremony finished.


 * This is only one of the few things I can do for my and Yeung’s brotherhood in Japan. The money will be collected and placed with the Hong Kong China Daily Newspaper [name?].  It will then be delivered to you and other comrades.  Please use the money well.  I heard that the Hong Kong Newspaper also will help Yeung’s family in the future.  But I do not know how much money they gave to the family.


 * I have written a eulogy letter for Yeung and have sent it to all the friends, comrades and relatives from east Japan to west. But I know Yeung had so many friends.  I knew him very well, so I have made hundreds of copies of this eulogy letter for all the friends from Hong Kong and the western world.  Please help me to send the letter to them on my behalf.


 * However, a letter always cannot explain everything, but please take care and keep in touch


 * Brother Sun Wen wrote this.


 * Western calendar
 * 13 Feb [1901]
 * 13 Feb [1901]

The letter, in Sun Yatsen's writing, is displayed in the Pak Tsz Lane Memorial Park, close to where Yeung Ku-wan was assassinated.

Subsequent events
It was Yeung's wish before he died that his tombstone be anonymous, so his tombstone was inscribed with only the serial number "6348" to avoid being recognized and desecrated by the Qing government.





After the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 that overthrew the Qing Dynasty, former members of the Revive China Society suggested to the new republican government that the body of Yeung be exhumed and reburied in Huanghuagang Park, Guangzhou, along with the remains of the other 72 martyrs of the Guangdong uprising. However, the government did not accept this.

In December 1921, soon after Chiang Kai-shek married his second wife, Ch'en Chieh-ju, she asked him why he wanted to win the confidence of Sun Yat-sen. Chiang replied that "Dr. Sun is the greatest Chinese of the century." She then told Chiang that she had been "taught that Yeung Ch'u-yun (Yeung Ku-wan) of Hong Kong was the patron saint of our Republic". He said, "No, Yeung Ch'u-yun was a pioneer only and was assassinated. I believe Dr. Sun should definitely be the patron".

Following the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek became the leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party in 1926. In 1927, when he was setting up the Nationalist government in Nanjing, he was preoccupied with "the elevation of our leader Dr. Sun Yat-sen to the rank of 'Father of our Chinese Republic'. Dr. Sun worked for 40 years to lead our people in the Nationalist cause, and we cannot allow any other personality to usurp this honored position". He asked Chen Guofu (at the time Head of the Kuomintang Department of Organisation) to purchase a photograph that had been taken in Japan in around 1895 or 1898. It showed members of the Revive China Society, with Yeung presiding and Sun, as secretary, on the back row, along with members of the Japanese Chapter of the Revive China Society. When told that it was not for sale, Chiang offered a million dollars to recover the photo and its negative. "The party must have this picture and the negative at any price. They must be destroyed as soon as possible. It would be embarrassing to have our Father of the Chinese Republic shown in a subordinate position". Chiang never obtained either the photo or its negative. In fact, it was kept safe by the family of Tse Tsan-tai.

Following a visit to Yeung's ancestral home (Hai Cang Qu, Xiamen, Fujian Province) by Yeung Kui-wan's cousin, Yeung Bat-fan, in 1988, the people started a collection to pay for a statue to Yeung Kui-wan. The local government erected the statue at the entrance to the village, on Xia Yang Lu, in 1998.

Since 2004, Yeung Ku-wan's nephew Yeung Hing-on has actively campaigned for official recognition of the important role his uncle played in the early revolutionary movement against the Qing Dynasty. In particular, he hoped that the planned park at Pak Tsz Lane (see below) would be named after Yeung Ku-wan or the Furen Literary Society that met near there.

Due to his efforts, a commemorative marker has been placed near the house at 52 Gage Street, where Yeung Ku-wan was assassinated.

In March 2011, the Permanent Secretary for Home Affairs of Hong Kong, Raymond Young, announced that "in order to honour the Qing revolutionary Mr. Yeung Ku-wan and Hong Kong's important role in the revolutionary movement, the Government will erect an information plaque beside Mr. Yeung's unnamed tomb at the Hong Kong Cemetery in Happy Valley Cemetery to highlight his revolutionary deeds." In May 2011, work began on the park, which is to be named 'Pak Tse Lane Garden'.

In August 2011, it was reported in the South China Morning Post (SCMP) that the promised information plaque would be installed alongside Yeung's unnamed tomb "next month" (Note that the SCMP was founded by Tse Tsan-tai, the first treasurer of the Furen Literary Society.).

In September 2011, the Hong Kong authorities place next to his tomb a granite plaque giving the story of Yeung Ku-wan - 110 years after he was assassinated and in time for the 100th anniversary celebrations of the Xinhai Revolution, which resulted in the Chinese Republic that Yeung Ku-wan fought and died for.

In August 2013, Stuart Heaver in a SCMP report points out that, strangely, in the official police report for 1901, the murder of Yeung Ku-wan is restricted to 2½ lines - and mistakenly gives Yeung's age as 84 - even though there were only four murders in the city that year.

In the same report, Heaver also reveals a number of intriguing aspects about Yeung Ku-wan:
 * Albert Yeung Hing-on says that his father (Yeung Ku-wan's nephew) always said his uncle's killing was a personal vendetta, not a political assassination.
 * The inclusion of Yeung's story on the Sun Yat-sen heritage trail and also the new memorial for the Furen Wenshe (Pak Tsz Lane Park) is largely due to the work of historian Dr Joseph Ting Sun-pao, who was chief curator of the Hong Kong Museum of History and who oversaw the establishment of the Dr Sun Yat-sen Museum before his retirement in December 2006.
 * Dr Ting also had located evidence in Taiwan that revealed that once the Chinese republic had been established, Tse Tsan Tai and some of Yeung Ku-wan's other colleagues made a formal request for Yeung's body to be removed from Hong Kong to its rightful place in the revolutionary cemetery in Guangzhou. Ting found official documents that showed the request was eventually refused on the grounds that the revolutionary's "stance against the Qing had wavered" during the 1900 Huizhou uprising.
 * Dr Ting said that "All the funds came through Yeung Ku-wan and he had all the connections," and "that [he] had a more important role in the very early days of the revolution than Sun Yat-sen, who was [then] just a young medical graduate."
 * When asked about why Yeung did not flee Hong Kong after the 1900 uprising, when his life was clearly in danger, Dr Ting's answer is unexpected: "I think he was British, otherwise he would not have been buried in the cemetery in Happy Valley."
 * It is known that the colonial authorities had issued Yeung with a firearm for his own protection and he enjoyed a close relationship with the British, but Dr Ting believes he must also have been made a British subject, perhaps even a citizen.

Family
Yeung Ku-wan's father Yeung Ching-seoi was originally from Haicheng (present-day Haicang District, Xiamen, Fujian). Yeung Ching-seoi was educated in Malaya (now Malaysia). When he grew up, he tried farming in his hometown before working on ocean-bound ships. Due to illness, Yeung Ching-seoi probably went to Hong Kong in the 1860s, 'when Yeung Ku-wan was still quite young'. After he had recovered, he worked for the British colonial government in Hong Kong as a secretary and married Yeung Ku-wan's mother. The family name of Yeung Kui-wan's mother was Cheng, and she was from Humen. Yeung Ching-seoi and his wife had a son (Yeung Ku-wan) and two daughters. Yeung Ching-seoi continued to work in the shipping business and taught English in his later years.

Yeung Ku-wan's wife's family name was Poon. He had three daughters by her - Yeung Gam-ha, Yeung Lai-ha , and Yeung Sau-ha.

Media appearances
The beginning of the 2009 film Bodyguards and Assassins briefly features the assassination of Yeung Ku-wan, who was played by Jacky Cheung.

Early life
Yao was born and raised in a well-known traditional Chinese musical family in Beijing, China. His grandfather, Cao Dongfu (曹东扶)was a famous composer and guzheng master, as well as one of the founders of the China Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing and the Sichuan Conservatory of Music. His mother, Li Bian, is a guzheng professor who holds the "National First Rank" Performer title in China and is the only Guzheng Master granted the title of “Son of the East” from the Chinese Government in 1997   His father Chen Chuan Rong is a professional conductor and erhu [two-stringed violin] player.

Yao began learning Western classical music theory and piano when he was four years old, and the guzheng at eight, from his mother. He also played the guzheng as a solo artist or as part of a group at a very young age in frequent national and international concerts. He competed in a number of Chinese national and international guzheng competitions, winning several gold awards in 1996. In 1997, Yao played a guzheng solo in the 13th International Youth Arts Festival in Japan and won critical acclaim from international professionals. He has featured in TV programs and live shows on Beijing TV and China Central TV. In 2001, Yao won the Gold Medal in the Beijing Regional competition and the Silver medal in the National competition of the China National Fresh Young Artists Competition organised by the Chinese Ministry of Culture and Arts.

He also assisted his mother teaching students in China and has received several Chinese national honorary awards for teaching teenagers to play Chinese musical instruments and for assisting in the training of students participating in China's nationwide Traditional Chinese Music Professional Examinations. Now he is a Member of the China Musicians Association ( guzheng branch), member and teacher of China Nationalities Orchestra Society and an examiner for the China National Arts grading system.

In New Zealand
Yao arrived in New Zealand to study in 2002, living in Timaru and Christchurch in the first three years and moving to Hamilton in 2004. Following studying at school, university (gaining a degree in Business Administration) and then at Wintec, he teaches and performs on the guzheng for local communities and plays as a solo guzheng and piano performer in churches, retirement homes, schools, and in public at many social and community events. He finished his studies at Wintec in 2011, gaining Wintec's first ever Master of Arts (with Distinction) by an international student. His year-long masters study culminated in the recording of 11 traditional and contemporary guzheng music pieces.

In his dissertation, he set out to explain the importance of the traditional genre for today's guzheng performers, and why this genre is slowly disappearing in modern China. He identified the following reasons for the loss of traditional genres of music in China: modern teaching methods; the impact of new political rules; Western influence on Chinese education and the Chinese Cultural Revolution

Yao works at present as Chief Music Consultant at the NZ School of Traditional Chinese Music and Performing Arts Charitable Trust in Hamilton, New Zealand.

On behalf of the Trust, he was invited by the British Council of New Zealand to join the “People in Your Neighbourhood” project with a selection of New Zealand Artists and the Urban Soul Orchestra from UK to perform at the World of Music, Arts and Dance (WOMAD)

He has taught students aged from 9 – 55 in New Zealand since 2002, most being migrants originally from Taiwan, China and Malaysia and Yao became the first Chinese artist to be presented with an award for ‘Outstanding Services to the Arts’ from Arts Waikato in the Waikato Region, New Zealand.

NZ Symphony Orchestra began to sponsor Yao and he gained a work-to-residence visa under the Talent (Arts, Culture and Sports) category by the New Zealand Immigration Service, possibly the first time ever that this type of visa has been granted for a performer of a traditional Chinese instrument. He is now a permanent resident in New Zealand under the "Exceptional Talent" category.

Recent Activities
Yao has had a number of engagements with the New Zealand China Friendship Society.

In 2011, he took part as a guzheng player accompanist in ‘The Bone Feeder', a play by Kiwi Chinese Renee Liang.

In 2013, Yao performed a very successful concert with NZ Trio in Auckland receiving NZ Herald good reviews and in 2014 he was invited by the Confucius Institute to perform at the Chinese New Year function held by the Wellington City Council. Other successes include a pre-concert exhibition of Forbidden City of Chamber of Music from China at the Hamilton Gallagher Academy of Performing Arts and composition pieces in particular ‘The River’ performed with Hawke’s Bay Youth Orchestra.

Possibly the highlight of Yao’s career so far came in 2015 when he performed in front of NZ Prime Minister John Key and Chinese Ambassador Wang Lu Tong at a function in Parliament at Chinese New Year. Many other performances followed and Yao got the opportunity to introduce his music to the nation when he was interviewed by Radio NZ and by the Chinese Herald Newspaper in Auckland which gave his story on the front page.

He was interviewed by staff from the NZ Government Ethnic Affairs Ministry resulting in an article on the Ministry websiteL ‘From Tradition to Heavy Metal’.

Gradually his fame spread and in June 2015 the NZ TV 3 programme ‘Both Worlds’ covered his musical career in China and New Zealand.

Yao has featured in the following Chinese media, which covered his musical career and experience and his work in promoting Chinese culture in New Zealand: TV: China Chongqing TV; CCTV 4 and newspapers: ‘China Daily’; ‘China Culture Daily’ and ‘Chongqing Daily’. Reporters filmed and interviewed Yao in both China and New Zealand.

Many concerts followed including Hamilton City Council's monthly concerts and the University of Waikato solo concert. In addition Yao ran workshops and master classes at University of Victoria, Wellington. He has co-operated with a number of High Schools [for example, ‘One Belt One Road Culture Blending Concert at Tauranga Boys College, as well as writing music for the new opera-version of ‘Bonefeeders’ (Auckland Art Festival) – blending Chinese and Maori music, as well as Western music.

He has performed in front of two NZ Prime Ministers: Rt. Hon. John Key and Rt. Hon. Bill English. He has also worked with well-known New Zealand composers Gareth Farr and Jack Body as well as Renee Liang, the poet [‘Bone Feeders’].

Yao currently works as a music tutor/lecturer and he supervises Chinese international MA students for Wintec [Waikato Institute of Technology] in Hamilton, NZ. He continues his lecturing at Beijing Contemporary Music Academy involving running master classes in blending Chinese music with Western music.

Yao will be leaving New Zealand to return to China in the coming months but has every intention of returning to promote good relations between the two countries.