User:Dvaderv2/sandbox

supports the Black Lives Matter movement and has shared resources for racial justice on her social media pages. In May 2022, LB was among 160 artists and influencers who signed a "Bans Off Our Bodies" full-page statement in The New York Times in support of abortion rights in the United States.

https://www.facebook.com/Grenada1983/posts/grenada-photo-of-the-daytodays-photo-is-a-fairly-well-known-one-but-weve-been-ab/1729306240655070/ - names https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6376156 - opened mouth https://www.southcom.mil/MEDIA/IMAGERY/igphoto/2003231905/ - closed mouth https://www.southcom.mil/About/History/SOUTHCOMs-60th-Anniversary/SOUTHCOMs-60th-Anniversary-1980-1999/ - main news article for above

Users

 * 🇦🇺 Australia: British-produced webbing, with no domestic production undertaken; consequently, post-war usage of the webbing was primarily limited to those soldiers who served with British forces during the Malayan Emergency and the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. Veterans of these conflicts who went on to serve in Vietnam would often bring the webbing with them; the consequent association of the webbing with older, more experienced soldiers gave it an air of desirability among younger ones. In addition to full sets of webbing being fielded, individual components were combined with those from the more prominent 1937 Pattern webbing and/or M1956 equipment and were often modified for reasons of compatibility, convenience, or both. Items of webbing were in use as late as 1970.
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq: Used during Ba'athist rule, primarily imported from Pakistan.
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand: British-produced webbing. Used prior to and during the Vietnam War, with the New Zealand military's closer relationship with the British military at the time meaning that it had better access to (and consequently greater stocks of) the webbing than Australia did.
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan: Domestically produced.
 * Rhodesia: In service at the start of the Bush War, gradually supplemented and replaced by equipment that was either locally produced, captured from guerillas, or brought into the country by foreign volunteers.

Jan Pietrzak
On 1 January 2024 during a TV Republika discussion, Pietrzak stated his intention to tell a "cruel joke" about the potential migrants, before going on to say that Germany "count[ed] on the Poles being prepared because we have barracks [...] for immigrants in Auschwitz, Majdanek, Treblinka, Sztutowo. We have a lot of barracks built here by the Germans. And there we will keep these immigrants illegally forced into our territory by the Germans", and describing the migrants, the new government, and the Germans as all being illegal. Pietrzak's remarks drew condemnation from the Auschwitz Museum and from various public figures including justice minister and public prosecutor general Adam Bodnar who announced that he had asked for an investigation into Pietrzak's comments to begin. President Andrzej Duda's chief of staff Marcin Mastalerek said that while the president was "outraged" by Pietrzak's remarks, while they were "not a joke", and while there were topics that "cannot be exploited", the remarks were nevertheless "what freedom of speech is all about" and "we [could not] agree" with Bodnar's decision to take the issue to prosecutors.

Patrycja Markowska
Don't know whether this counts as an expansion or a rewrite. Based on Polish Wikipedia's version (https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrycja_Markowska).

Patrycja Markowska (born 21 December 1979) is a Polish pop rock singer-songwriter.

Early life
Markowska was born in Warsaw to Perfect vocalist Grzegorz Markowski and his wife Krystyna, a dancer. She is the niece of Warsaw bishop Rafał Markowski.

Career
In 1994, Markowska została jedną z laureatek konkursu Odkrywamy talenty organizowanego w ramach programu Tęczowy Music Box. On 3 December 2001 she released her debut album Będę silna, which had earlier been promoted by the singles "Opętanie", "Drogi kolego", and "Musisz być pierwszy", with the latter being recorded as a duet with Marcin Urbaś. The album led to Markowska being nominated for a Fryderyk Award in the New Face of Fonography category. . 16 października 2003 wydała drugi album studyjny pt. Mój czas, na którym znalazły się m.in. single „Kameleon” i „Z twoich rąk”. Jesienią 2005 uczestniczyła w drugiej edycji programu rozrywkowego TVN Taniec z gwiazdami, a 17 października wydała album pt. Nie zatrzyma nikt , który promowała singlami „Gdy zgasną światła” i „Cztery ściany”. 15 czerwca 2007 za wykonanie utworu „Świat się pomylił” zdobyła pierwszą nagrodę w konkursie „Premiery” oraz nagrodę dziennikarzy na 44. Krajowym Festiwalu Piosenki Polskiej w Opolu. 25 czerwca wydała pierwszy album koncertowy pt. Patrycja Markowska Live, który zawierał nagrania na żywo, zarejestrowane podczas koncertu w warszawskim klubie Stodoła. 1 października wydała czwarty album studyjny pt. Świat się pomylił, który promowała piosenką „Jeszcze raz”. Singiel został wykorzystany w promocji polskiej komedii romantycznej o tym samym tytule. Krążek Świat się pomylił zdobył status platynowej płyty. 25 kwietnia 2008 otrzymała statuetkę Eska Music Awards 2008 w kategorii Artystka roku. Jesienią wydała reedycję albumu pt. Świat się pomylił, wzbogaconą o przebój pt. „Deszcz”. 11 lipca zagrała koncert przed Nelly Furtado w Poznaniu, a 20 czerwca 2009 wystąpiła przed Lennym Kravitzem w Krakowie. 26 października 2010 wydała piąty album studyjny pt. Patrycja Markowska. Kilka tygodni po premierze wydawnictwo osiągnęło status złotej płyty, a wkrótce potem platynowej. Płyta promowana była przez pięć singli: „Księżycowy”, „Hallo, hallo”, „Ostatni”, „W hotelowych korytarzach” oraz „Tylko mnie nie strasz”. W teledysku do utworu „W hotelowych korytarzach” zagrał jej życiowy partner, Jacek Kopczyński. 9 listopada ukazała się płyta zespołu Perfect pt. XXX, na której Markowska gościnnie zaśpiewała w duecie z Grzegorzem Markowskim utwór „Trzeba żyć”. W 2011 wystąpiła w koncercie „Telehitów” podczas 48. KFPP w Opolu.

She is a judge for The Voice of Poland. W 2013 była trenerką w drugiej edycji programu rozrykowego TVP2 The Voice of Poland. 28 maja wydała szósty album studyjny pt. Alter Ego, który promowała tytułowym singlem oraz piosenką „Dzień za dniem”; do obu piosenek zrealizowała teledyski. 14 lipca wystąpiła podczas koncertu Lata ZET i Dwójki w Słubicach, gdzie wykonała m.in. utwór „Księżycowy” w duecie z Natalią Nykiel. W listopadzie zagrała trasę klubową promującą album Alter Ego, obejmującą kilkanaście koncertów w Polsce oraz trzy koncerty dla Polonii na Wyspach Brytyjskich. 15 grudnia na ostatnim koncercie trasowym w warszawskim klubie Hybrydy odebrała złotą płytę za ten album. Teledysk do trzeciego singla „Wielokropek” powstał w Las Vegas. W styczniu 2014 wydała kolejny singiel z płyty – „Ocean”, który nagrała w duecie z Arturem Gadowskim. 31 maja z piosenką „Dzień za dniem” wystąpiła podczas drugiego dnia festiwalu TOPtrendy 2014 w konkursie Największe Przeboje Roku z udziałem wykonawców, których piosenki były w ostatnim roku najczęściej granymi w stacjach radiowych. W tym samym festiwalowym dniu zasiadła w jury konkursu Trendy. 17 sierpnia wystąpiła podczas koncertu Lato ZET i Dwójki w Zabrzu. W lipcu zaprezentowała teledysk do „Nim się zamienisz w żart”, piątego singla z Alter Ego. W klipie, wyreżyserowanym przez Jana Macierewicza, wystąpiły dzieci członków zespołu Markowskiej.

W lutym 2015 zajęła 14. miejsce w plebiscycie radia RMF FM na artystę 25-lecia. 13 kwietnia wydała album koncertowy (CD+DVD) pt. Patrycja Markowska na żywo. 19 kwietnia wystąpiła z zespołem w Wembley Arena w Londynie podczas koncertu Top Music Wembley. 26 czerwca wystąpiła z zespołem podczas koncertu Europejski Stadion Kultury w Rzeszowie, na którym zaśpiewała w duecie z Tanita Tikaram utwory: „Księżycowy” oraz „Good Tradition”. 13 listopada ukazał się album zespołu Pectus pt. Kobiety, na którym Markowska zaśpiewała utwór „Między słowami” w duecie z wokalistą zespołu, Tomaszem Szczepanikiem. 18 grudnia zaprezentowała teledysk do piosenki „Nawigacja”, skomponowanej z okazji 10. jubileuszowej edycji charytatywnego Kalendarza Dżentelmeni 2016. 2 czerwca 2017 wydała kolejny album studyjny pt. Krótka płyta o miłości. Zapowiedzią albumu była premiera czterech utworów, które nagrała w duecie z innymi wykonawcami; do utworów nakręcono teledyski: „Wyznanie” (Leszek Możdżer), „Nie potrzeba mi nic więcej” (Grzegorz Skawiński), „Byś spojrzał na mnie” (Marek Dyjak) i „Bezustannie” (Ray Wilson). Singlami promującymi nowy album były utwory: „Kochaina” oraz „Za nas dwoje”. Album zadebiutował na drugim miejscu listy OLiS, zostając najlepiej notowaną płytą w karierze wokalistki. Teledysk do piosenki „Za nas dwoje” w kilka dni po premierze przekroczył milion wyświetleń. Kolejne teledyski promujące najnowszą płytę, „Czy przyjdzie wiosna” oraz „Lalka”, miały swoją premierę w 2018. Również w 2018 była trenerką w dziewiątej edycji The Voice of Poland. 7 listopada 2018 wydała singiel „Na szczycie”, którym zapowiadała album studyjny pt. Droga, którą nagrała w duecie z Grzegorzem Markowskim. Premiera płyty odbyła się 25 stycznia 2019, promowali go również singlami „Lustro”, „Aż po horyzont”, „Echem zostawimy ślad” i „Coraz mniej”, do których zrealizowali oficjalne teledyski. Również w styczniu odbyła się premiera albumu składu Hemp Gru pt. Eter, na którym Markowska zaśpiewała utwór „Mały wielki człowiek” z O.S.T.R.ym. 21 marca 2019 otrzymała nagrodę dla najlepszej wokalistki w plebiscycie „Płyty Rocku Antyradia 2018”.

Uczestniczyła w drugiej edycji programu rozrywkowego TVN Ameryka Express, który emitowany był w 2020. 31 marca wydała utwór „Niepoprawna”, który stworzyła wspólnie z Maćkiem Wasio w czasie epidemii COVID-19. Teledysk do utworu został stworzony ze zdjęć z domowego albumu artystki. Utwór dotarł na szczyty list przebojów m.in. w radiu RMF FM i radiu ZET. W czerwcu wydała, nagrany z Dawidem Dubajką, utwór „W ramionach”, który jest jej manifestem przeciw braku tolerancji i homofobii. Pod koniec października 2020 zaprezentowała rockową balladę „Pod wiatr”.

Personal life
Markowska is married to actor Jacek Kopczyński. Their son, Filip Krystian, was born on 9 January 2008.

Markowska was one of the ambassadors for World Youth Day 2016 in Krakow.

ENDEX

"The General"
The L7 general-purpose machine gun was adopted by the British Armed Forces as a replacement for the long-serving Vickers machine gun in the medium or sustained fire role and the Bren light machine gun in the light role following trials in 1957. Originally made under license by the Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield Lock from 1961 until the site's closure in 1988, the L7 and its variants were later produced by Manroy Engineering (now FN Herstal UK) and by Heckler & Koch. It has been extensively used by all branches of the British Armed Forces  There have been two main variants, the L7A1 and L7A2, developed for infantry use, with the L7A2 having superseded the earlier variant.

In 1961, the Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield (now BAE Systems) in the United Kingdom, undertook licence production of the MAG in the following versions: L7A2, L8A2, L37A2, L20A1 and the L43A1. These models all use the M13 ammunition belt.

The L7A2, general-purpose machine gun, replaced the L7A1 in service with the British Army. Compared to the MAG Model 60-20, it features, among other minor changes, an improved feed mechanism, a 10-position gas regulator valve, a polymer butt-stock, a provision for 50 round belt-box and a bracket, used to mount optical day- and night-vision sights, mounted to the left side of the receiver. The 5.56×45mm L86A1 Light Support Weapon (LSW) was intended to replace the L7A2 at the section level, but dissatisfaction with the LSW's sustained fire capabilities and reliability resulted in combat units continuing to utilize the L7 whenever possible (although neither it, nor its 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition was supposed to be issued to infantry platoons). The British Armed Forces later adopted the 5.56×45mm L110A1/A2 light machine gun to replace the LSW; while this was a better replacement for the L7A2 than the LSW, a review of requirements led to the L110A2 being withdrawn from service in 2018 and to the L7A2 being reinstated as the section machine gun. In the sustained fire role, the L7A2 can be mounted on the L4A1 tripod in conjunction with a C2A2 Support Weapons Sight. Fired by a two-man team who are grouped in a specialist Machine Gun Platoon the L7A2 in conjunction with a C2A2 Support Weapons Sight can provide battalion-level direct support fire at ranges up to 1800 m and indirect map and range table predicted support/harassment fire out to 2500 m. The indirect firing method exploits the 7.62×51mm NATO useful maximum range, that is defined by the maximum range of a small-arms projectile while still maintaining the minimum kinetic energy required to put unprotected personnel out of action, which is generally believed to be 15 kilogram-meters (147 J / 108 ft⋅lbf). With the tripod and FGM-148 Javelin sight unit indirect fire configuration, British troops in Afghanistan used the L7A2 at ranges of and over 2700 m. The average 1884 m elevation of Afghanistan and accompanying low ISA air density significantly contribute to extending the useful maximum range of small-arms projectiles.

The L8A2 coaxial tank machine gun (replaced the L8A1) has a different gas valve switch (closed, single-position) when compared to the analogous Model 60-40, a different flash hider and a modified cocking handle. The weapon also has a trigger group that accepts electrical input and a lever in the feed tray that enables the belt to be removed without lifting the feed tray cover. Another tank machine gun is the L37A2 (succeeded the L37A1) designed to be mounted on tank turrets, in the commander's position, on wheeled armoured vehicles and on armored personnel carriers. It differs from the L8A2 primarily in its trigger, which was adapted from the L7A2 GPMG. The machine gun can be used in the ground role for self-defense, by dismounted vehicle crew members, the egress kit consists of an L7A2 barrel, bipod and buttstock.

The L20A1 aircraft machine gun was based on the L8A2, from which it differs by having an electrical trigger and a slotted flash suppressor. The L20A1 can be converted to right-hand feed by changing several components in the feed mechanism.

The L43A1, also developed from the L8A2, is a coaxially mounted tank machine gun used to sight-in the vehicle's main gun by firing ballistically-matched tracer ammunition at the target to confirm the trajectory visually. The weapon's barrel, fitted with a flash hider, has a reinforced and heavier structure that increases the weapon's accuracy especially during sustained fire.'

German versions
Heckler & Koch attempted to make their own variant of the FN MAG, designated as HK 221. This version is equipped with an iron sight line that consist of a rotary rear drum and hooded front post and Picatinny rail atop the receiver and was meant to compete in the machine guns trials held by the German and French military between 2007-2008. The trials concluded with the French military selecting the original FN MAG in 2010, while the German military selected the company's MG5 in 2015. Heckler & Koch is also involved with the manufacture of L7-series variants for the British Armed Forces.

ACN 61180 provisionial user handbook for the sight, periscopic, Armoured Vehicle, image intensified, L2A1 (Fox night nisght) 1974 Quality Assurance Directorate (Weapons) Woolwich acn 70602 gun drill for gun equipment 105mm l109 (abbot) 1978 acn 14557 uh for machgun 762 tk. l8a2 and machgun 76m 37a2 1983/reprinted jan 1986 incor amdt no 1 - 7.62mm l5a3 tracer

Translated Italian text
Vittorio Messori ( Sassuolo, April 16, 1941 ) is an Italian journalist and writer. Author of numerous essays, he is considered one of the leading Italian Catholic authors [1]. He has collaborated with La Stampa, Avvenire and Corriere della Sera. Messori in his studio in Desenzano, 2004 Index

Biography Childhood and youth Autograph by Vittorio Messori (from a letter written in November 1990)

Messori was born in Sassuolo, in the province of Modena, in an anticlerical family [2]. His father Enzo, a poet in Modenese dialect, after three years in the Royal Army entered the Littorio division of the Italian Social Republic and, after a period of training in Germany , fought on the Western Alps front against de Gaulle 's French.

In the meantime, the family had displaced in Brescia from where, after the war, they moved to Turin, going to live in Borgo San Donato in a building at number 18 in Via Sobrero [3]. Here his father found work at the general management of Italgas. Education

Messori attended the public schools of the Piedmontese capital. After graduating from classical high school at the Liceo d'Azeglio, he enrolled in the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Turin where he acquired a rationalist and agnostic training. He graduated in 1965 with a thesis in history of the Risorgimento (supervisor Alessandro Galante Garrone ) and with two "subtheses" discussed with Luigi Firpo and Norberto Bobbio [4]. Conversion

Shortly before, however, in July 1964, after what he called an "evidence of the heart" [5] , following the reading of the Gospels , Messori converted to Catholicism (he said that "he had been converted, by an unexpected and irresistible force " [5] ). From then on, stimulated also by the reading of Blaise Pascal, he began a search for the "reasons of reason ", to comfort the "reasons of the heart " that had prompted him to embrace the faith. Messori will tell about this path in the first pages of Hypothesis on Jesus [5].

He then decided to attend courses at the Institute of Christology for the laity of the Pro Civitate Christiana in Assisi, where he spent 1966 and 1967. In Assisi he met Rosanna Brichetti, whom he would later marry in 1996 , after the annulment, by the Sacra Rota , of a previous marriage which took place in 1972: while the first application had been rejected in the three levels of trial, two subsequent cases were were concluded with the sentence of nullity [6]. In 1968, after completing his courses, he returned to Turin, where he began his professional activity at the International Publishing Company. Working first in the editorial office, he then moved on to direct the press office. At the same time he began to collaborate with various cultural newspapers and magazines and continued the research for the editing of his first book.

In contrast to the 1968 climate, he decided to avoid any " ideological and theological temptation " by not participating in the processions, by not signing manifestos and by not associating with political or clerical protests. From 1970 to 1982

In 1970 he joined Stampa Sera as editor of the city news. The journalistic activity and the investigations earned him some lawsuits and a trial for having revealed the background of a city scandal in which some doctors were involved [7]. After more than four years of reporting, Arrigo Levi, then director of both La Stampa and Stampa Sera , called him to be part of the group of three journalists destined to create Tuttolibri , a cultural weekly, even if Messori did not want to re-enter a circle cultural which he did not esteem and was not interested in [7]. Hypothesis about Jesus Magnifying glass icon mgx2.svg 	Same topic in detail: Hypothesis about Jesus. Messori presents Hypothesis on Jesus to Vatican Radio, 1976

In those weeks, Messori delivered to SIX the manuscript of his first work, Hypothesis on Jesus, the result of his investigation into the origins of Christianity , which continued for twelve years. The publisher published the book after a year, in the autumn of 1976 (according to Messori he did it "in a bad paperback " [7] ), with a circulation of less than three thousand copies which sold out in a short time, as well as the subsequent reprints. . By 2007 the book had sold one and a half million copies in Italy [6] [8].

Faced with the success, first in Italy and then in the world, Messori's reaction was to ask for a leave of absence of six months and to retire to a house, without a telephone, in a village in Monferrato , continuing his search in solitude [7]. Jesus

In the same period, Don Giuseppe Zilli, director of Famiglia Cristiana , decided to create a monthly of religious information entitled Jesus and asked Messori to work alongside Antonio Tarzia , a Pauline , so that the first issue could come out in January 1979. Thus, in the autumn of 1978, Messori moved to Milan.

Since the first issue of Jesus (which came out, as scheduled, in January 1979), he published an "episode" of the dialogues on Jesus which later merged into the volume Inquisition on Christianity, created in dialogue with agnostics , atheists , Catholics and believers of other religions.

In the twenty-two years of collaboration with Jesus, Messori always took care of the monthly "cycles", which were then merged into books. After the Dialogues on Jesus, was it the turn of The Case of Christ , from which the two volumes Patì under Pontius Pilate came? ( 1992 ) and They say he is risen ( 2000 ). Hypothesis on Mary was taken from the Marian notebook in 2005.

Alongside the work for Jesus, Messori continued the reflection for a sequel to Hypothesis on Jesus. The volume's commercial success led several publishers to press for a new book of his, but for six years Messori refused editorial proposals and participation in television programs, stating that he did not want to "make a career out of Jesus Christ." Bet on death

In 1982, six years after the publication of the first book, Scommessa sul morte [9] , published by SEI, was published, in which Messori controversially denounced the "inhumanity of Marxism " and its "mortal crisis". From 1982 to 1998 Interview with Ratzinger Messori with Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger in Bressanone, 1984

After the Hypothesis on Jesus and the Bet on death, Messori wanted to probe the reality of the Catholic Church , which he saw in search of a new institutional structure if not new, different contents of faith.

In 1984 he obtained the opportunity to interview Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger whom John Paul II had appointed prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The result was a four-handed essay, entitled Report on the faith, published the following year by the San Paolo editions and then translated into many languages. Some of Ratzinger's affirmations contained in the book had a wide echo inside and outside the ecclesial circles [10]. In particular, the denunciation of the "dangers" and "difficulties" of the Church and the condemnation of liberation theologycaused widespread criticism especially from progressive clerical circles and, according to subsequent statements by his wife [6], even death threats: Messori's "fault" would have been not only that of having interviewed the "Grand Inquisitor" but of not having him contradicted, indignant, when he demolished the theories of those who saw always and only a new springtime for the Church in the post-conciliar period. Controversy on the Risorgimento

In 1990 Messori left Milan and moved to Desenzano del Garda. The same year he saw in print the biography of the blessed Francesco Faà di Bruno (published under the title A serious Italian ). Messori grew up in the Turin district of San Donato, dominated by the tall bell tower designed and built by Faà di Bruno. In the long introductory chapter of the book, he explained the reasons for choosing this little-known figure: to revive the figure of someone who had taken the Gospel radically seriously ; to "show what, in concrete terms, were the positive effects of faith on the life of those who accept all its consequences".

The presentation of the volume, which took place at the Meeting of Communion and Liberation, generated a controversy that was also echoed in the Italian media. Messori was accused of having uttered a sentence in which he evoked a Nuremberg trial for the main exponents of the Risorgimento [11] which attracted criticism from politicians and the attention of the media. In three articles that appeared in Avvenire, later collected in The Challenge of Faith [12] , in subsequent interventions [13] [14] and in an article published in Corriere della Sera , Messori clarified the episode [15].

After many editions published by Edizioni San Paolo, in 1998 Luigi Giussani published the book in the series he directed for the BUR, with the title A Christian in a hostile world.

In the spring of 1992, Messori published the first part of the "episodes" of the "Case of Christ", still in progress on Jesus. That is, he published the first thirty-seven chapters with the title Patì under Pontius Pilate? (subtitle: An inquiry into the passion and death of Jesus ).

Still in 1992 a volume of nearly 700 pages was released; each of the 289 chapters constituted an episode of Vivaio, the column that Messori had been running since 1987 in Avvenire. Nursery

Vivaio was born during the direction of Avvenire by Gian Guido Folloni. For the title of the Messori column he drew inspiration from Giovanni Papini who, before dying, planned to gather in a book the hints, ideas, notes that he would no longer be able to develop due to lack of energy and time.

Messori decided to use, at least in part, the material collected over many years of research for a journalistic column in anticipation of the publication of a book. The idea, that is, was to examine current events in order to frame it in a perspective of faith that would explain it, that would give it meaning; to start from the news to "go towards God ".

From the column was born, in the autumn of 1992, Thinking about history (subtitle A Catholic reading of the human adventure ), with a preface by Giacomo Biffi. The almost complete publication of the column material continued with two other large volumes: in 1993, The challenge of faith , in 1995 , The things of life.

From the three original volumes of Vivaio (the San Paolo created a special series for them) an anthology was drawn in Spain, choosing above all the passages on the history of Spain. The anthology was published by Planeta under the title Leyendas negras de la Iglesia. Investigation into Opus Dei

At the beginning of 1994, Messori published an investigation with Arnoldo Mondadori Editore Opus Dei. Intrigued by the "black legend" around the so-called " Obra ", he decided to carry out an investigation in the field: he was allowed to access documentation and places, he went to Pamplona among the students and professors of the University wanted by St. Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer.

In his book, he argues that the accusations against Opus Dei are false. Book-interview with John Paul II Magnifying glass icon mgx2.svg 	The same topic in detail: Crossing the threshold of hope.

In October 1993, Messori was asked to interview John Paul II , on the occasion of the fifteen years of his pontificate; it would have been the first interview in history with a pontiff. Messori expressed his perplexity to the Pope about the advisability of such an operation: «Your Holiness, we need a Pope, a teacher to guide us, not a television commentator. This is not the crisis of the Church. It is the crisis of faith: one no longer believes "; the answer was: "I disagree with you!" [6] . The questions concerned the basis of faith, the relationship with other religions, the future of the Gospel [16] . The book earned Messori the1994 International Gold Medal of Merit Award for Catholic Culture.

In 1995 the third volume of the Vivaio series was released, entitled The things of life. Relaunch of apologetics

In 1997, Some reason to believe , an interview by Michele Brambilla of Corriere della Sera with Messori was published. The intention was to address the three "circles" of classical apologetics : God, Christ and the Church. But the interview was limited to the first "round", with the announcement of another, perhaps even two, books in continuation. The "Marian years" Vittorio Messori with René Laurentin

In the autumn of 1998, Messori published his first book with the Rizzoli editions , Il miracolo , on the presumed regrowth of a leg, amputated years earlier, of a peasant from the Aragonese village of Calanda , through the intercession of the Virgen del Pilar in 1640. Messori received the honorary citizenship of Calanda, was declared Mayoral de Honor of the sanctuary built on the site of the presumed prodigy and obtained the Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, conferred on him by Juan Carlos [17].

On Christmas Eve 1996, the documentary Aquero was broadcast on Rai 3 , on Lourdes and Bernadette Soubirous , of which Messori was the author (directed by Vittorio Nevano ; the film was presented by Rai in 1997 at the Prix Italia ). In 1997, Rai 3 broadcast Miriam, a short film written by Messori, a sort of "interview with the Madonna "; in 1999 the miracle was broadcast , a reconstruction based on the book of the same name.

In the Corriere della Sera, the letter from the Attorney General of Pau, dated 28 December 1857, in which he spoke of someone who was about to concoct "manifestations simulating a supernatural and miraculous character", was untrue. On the basis of elements of this letter, the skeptics of the Lourdes apparitions claimed that it was a scam "orchestrated against popular credulity, of which the authorities of the time were aware" [18]. According to Messori [18] :

“The forger forgot to check the 1857 calendar. If he had, he would have noticed that December 28 was a Sunday that year. So, the judicial offices were closed "

Contrary to Messori's claims, however, December 28, 1857 fell on a Monday [19].

In 2000 was published They say he is risen, part of a trilogy with Hypothesis on Jesus and Suffered under Pontius Pilate? . Throughout 2000 and until September 2001, Messori's series of articles on Jesus doubled: closed the Marian notebook , the Meetings began , a series of talks with the leaders of the religious communities. These interviews were accompanied by a page entitled ABC: A Christian syllabary. Starting from September 2001 the Encounters ceased, while the Christian primer continued , to which the new series was addedThe compass , taken from the Vivaio di Avvenire.

Messori's next work, The Eyes of Mary (2001), co-written with Rino Cammilleri, dealt with the so-called "Marian apparitions".

In 2002 Leonardo Mondadori expressed his intention to Messori to write a small "catechism" together. Messori suggested to Mondadori, who had converted to Catholicism a few years ago and approached Opus Dei, albeit without being part of it , to write the story of his own arrival in the Catholic faith; a book, therefore, with a more experiential and autobiographical slant. Mondadori agreed and the book Conversione was born. A personal story. The Rudder

In 2003 Messori landed at Timone, a review of apologetics directed by Giampaolo Barra , where he resumed the Vivai ; he then limited his he commitment to Jesus , on which he nevertheless kept a column in his books about him, until 2004. "Return" to Turin

Subsequently, he began the writing of a book on Turin, flanked by the correspondent of the Corriere della Sera, Aldo Cazzullo. The book was born as an interview and then developed into two distinct and complementary essays on the Piedmontese capital between the places and memories of the writer. The Turin mystery was published in 2004.

an initiative that to them, progressive politicians, seemed instead so original, perhaps so postmodern. (...) They attended the film "La capra", in the original French "La chèvre", which is, in argot, the name of bad luck, of bad luck. (...) There were 31 men and 31 women, plus a boy and a girl. Strange symmetry of digits. But there were (it was all too easy) who not only remembered the date of the massacre, a 13, but also observed that 64, from an esoteric perspective, is not just any number: it is a disturbing figure, it is the number of boxes on which, according to the occultists, the very devil who in Turin, at that time, was celebrated at the expense of the Municipality plays chess. "The official name of the event to which the two authors refer - created in collaboration with the Venice Carnival - was : Book on Edgardo Mortara and Ipotesi su Maria Vittorio Messori (ph. GianAngelo Pistoia) .tif

In 2005 were published: I, the Jewish child kidnapped by Pius IX, memorial, found by Messori, on the Edgardo Mortara case , a Jewish child stolen from his family by Pius IX , and Ipotesi su Maria , the Marian notebook published on Jesus in the first nineties , a book of four hundred pages on the "Marian apparitions".

The book on Mortara gave occasion to some exponents of the Jewish world to accuse him of "paroxysmal defense of the pontifical laws thanks to which in 1858 the abduction of little Edgardo Mortara from his family of Bolognese Jews was decreed by Pius IX - only because a maid had him secretly baptized five years earlier "and for having" evoked the beneficial virtues of the ghetto " [20].

David Kertzer, author of The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara noted, in an article in The Atlantic, how Messori had intentionally altered in various parts the translation of Edgardo Mortara's memoirs from the original Spanish, in order to make the work of Pius IX [21] [22]. From 2006 to today

In 2006 Messori collected the Vivai published since 2001 in Jesus and Il Timone, and other columns published in the first magazine ( Christian syllabary , Incontri , My books ), in the volume Catholic Emporio to complete the cycle of Vivaio. In the same period Messori redeemed the rights of the latter, irritated by the unavailability of the Pauline Editions to reprint it, and then sold them to the Sugarco editions, which for some years had specialized in Catholic publications.

In 2007 the writer was engaged in the drafting of a new work, released on October 21, 2008 : Because I believe, a book-interview with the Vatican expert of Il Giornale Andrea Tornielli ; he also wrote for Time a portrait of Pope Benedict XVI for the list of the hundred most influential men on earth [23].

Since December 2010 he has been editorial director of the online newspaper La Bussola Quotidiana.

In June 2012, in an article published in the magazine Il Timone , he talked about his novel "remained in the drawer", which he has currently renounced, exposing the plot [24].

In October of the same year, for Mondadori, Bernadette did not deceive us. A historical investigation into the truth of Lourdes, a reconstruction of the history of the Marian apparitions in the cave of Massabielle. This work will be followed by a second volume, entitled " Around the grotto ".

In 2013, on the occasion of the election of Pope Francis , he published, for the "Grandi Saggi" series of Corriere della Sera , the instant book The Church of Francis , with the subtitle The challenge of Christianity between crisis and hope [25].

On 24 December 2014, in the newspaper Corriere della Sera [26] , he published an article-confession entitled "The doubts on the turning point of Pope Francis", in which he expressed a rather critical judgment on the Pontiff, defining him "... unpredictable, so much so as to to make some cardinal who had been among his electors change their mind gradually "and revealing his perplexities regarding the new course set by Pope Francis. His stance, reinforced by the opening sentence in which he defines the article he is writing as a "sort of confession that I would have gladly postponed, had it not been asked of me", an article that appeared, among other things, on the eve of the Christmas holidays,Leonardo Boff according to which the Catholic journalist "... behind words of pity and understanding brings a poison" [27].

In November 2015 he presented a new edition of his book Hypothesis on Mary, expanded compared to the previous one in 2008, with the addition of 13 unpublished chapters.

In September 2018, the book When the sky beckons us was released. Small daily mysteries, in which the author recounts the many "signs" received which he, in the light of faith, interprets as so many supernatural messages. [28]

In 2021 the book The Light and the Darkness was released. Reflections between history, ideologies and apologetics, edited by Aurelio Porfiri, collection of articles, for the most part published in Il Timone. Criticism and controversy

The publication of the apologetic work Patì under Pontius Pilate? it provoked disputes against Messori in the world of exegetes. In particular, the bishop and biblical scholar Vittorio Fusco, in an article in the theological magazine Il Regno , accused Messori of "concordism" or of trying at all costs to save the historicity of the Gospels, even with historically and exegetically improbable explanations [29] ; Messori defended his positions with an editorial in Jesus magazine. [30]   Messori's introduction to the 1989 edition of the Life of Jesus Christ by Abbot Giuseppe Ricciotti was criticized by the friar minor and Catholic exegete Giulio Michelini : in an article in the magazine Convivium Assisiense, Michelini disputed the idea that the Life of Ricciotti is of higher quality than Rudolf Bultmann 's works only because it is more popular with readers, noting that this analysis would also make books such as Dan Brown 's The Da Vinci Code authoritative. In the article, Michelini ironically compared the tone of Messori's Introduction to Lifeto the one with which Alessandro Manzoni describes Don Ferrante 's bookshop in I promessi sposi. [31] [32]   The book I, the Jewish child kidnapped by Pius IX on the Edgardo Mortara case has received harsh criticism from several members of the Jewish community in Italy. In particular, the journalist Gad Lerner accused Messori of having made a "paroxysmal defense of the pontifical laws thanks to which in 1858 the abduction of little Edgardo Mortara from his family of Bolognese Jews was decreed by Pius IX - only because a maid had baptized him. secretly five years earlier "and to have" evoked the beneficial virtues of the ghetto ". [20]

Works

Hypothesis on Jesus, Turin, SEI , 1976 ; 2001. ISBN 88-05-05867-X [33]. Bet on death. The Christian proposal: illusion or hope? , Turin, SEI, 1982. ISBN 88-05-03746-X. Dialogues on Jesus, Alba, Jesus, Society of Saint Paul, 1983. Faith report. Vittorio Messori in conversation with Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, Cinisello Balsamo, Paoline, 1985. ISBN 88-215-0968-0. Inquiry into Christianity. Are you the Messiah who is to come? , Turin, SEI, 1987. ISBN 88-05-03963-2. A serious Italian. Blessed Francesco Faà di Bruno, Cinisello Balsamo, Paoline, 1990. ISBN 88-215-1926-0 ; Milan, Rizzoli Universal Library, 1998. ISBN 88-17-11145-7. Did he suffer under Pontius Pilate? . An investigation into the passion and death of Jesus, Turin, SEI, 1992. ISBN 88-05-05295-7. Thinking about the story. A Catholic reading of the human adventure, Cinisello Balsamo, Paoline, 1992. ISBN 88-215-2414-0. The challenge of faith. Inside and outside the Church. The relevance of a Christian perspective, Cinisello Balsamo, Paoline, 1993. ISBN 88-215-2698-4. Opus Dei. An investigation, Milan, A. Mondadori, 1994. ISBN 88-04-37411-X. Crossing the threshold of hope, with John Paul II , Milan, A. Mondadori, 1994. ISBN 88-04-39270-3. The things of life. The third volume of Vivaio, Cinisello Balsamo, San Paolo, 1995. ISBN 88-215-3062-0. Some reason to believe, with Michele Brambilla , Milan, Mondadori, 1997. ISBN 88-04-41785-4. The miracle. Spain, 1640: investigation of the most shocking Marian prodigy, Milan, Rizzoli, 1998. ISBN 88-17-85997-4 [34]. They say he is risen. An investigation into the empty tomb, Turin, SEI, 2000. ISBN 88-05-05843-2. The eyes of Maria, with Rino Cammilleri , Milan, Rizzoli, 2001. ISBN 88-17-86840-X. Conversion. A personal story, with Leonardo Mondadori , Milan, Mondadori, 2002. ISBN 88-04-50482-X. Men, history, faith, Milan, BUR, 2001. ISBN 88-17-12601-2. The mystery of Turin. Two hypotheses on a misunderstood capital, with Aldo Cazzullo , Milan, Mondadori, 2004. ISBN 88-04-52070-1. Me, the Jewish child kidnapped by Pius IX. The unpublished memorial of the protagonist of the Mortara case, edited by, Milan, Mondadori, 2005. ISBN 88-04-54531-3. Hypothesis about Maria. Facts, clues, enigmas, Milan, Ares, 2005. ISBN 88-8155-338-4. Catholic emporium. A different look at history and current events, Milan, SugarCo, 2006. ISBN 88-7198-517-6. Because I believe. A life to account for the faith, with Andrea Tornielli , Casale Monferrato, Piemme, 2008. ISBN 978-88-384-8831-3. Bernadette did not deceive us. A historical investigation into the truth of Lourdes, Milan, Mondadori, 2012. ISBN 978-88-04-62301-4. The Church of Francesco. The challenge of Christianity between crisis and hope, Milan, RCS Media Group, 2013. When the sky beckons us. Little daily mysteries, Milan, Mondadori, 2018. ISBN 978-88-047-00-784 The light and the darkness. Reflections between history, ideologies and apologetics, Milan, SugarCo, 2021. ISBN 978-88-7198-786-6.

Awards

International award "San Valentino d'oro", journalism and non-fiction section, Terni [35] " Silver Tower" Award as part of the "Torre di Castruccio" National Cultural Award, Carrara [36] Culture Award Histonium, Vasto, 1989 [37] International Gold Medal of Merit Award for Catholic Culture, Bassano del Grappa, 1994 Literary Prize Tito Casini, Borgo San Lorenzo, 1998 [38] La Torre Award, Chiavenna, 2000 [39] A flower from the clay of the Lions Award, Sassuolo, 2004 [40] Catholic Culture Award, Split, 2006 [41] Time Witness Award, Acqui Terme, 2010 [42] Viva Maria Award, Siena, 2011 [43] Journalism Award Il Pescatore, Castelletto di Brenzone, 2012 [44]

Honors Gran Croce dell'Ordine di Isabella la Cattolica (Spagna) - nastrino per uniforme ordinaria 	Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain) "Because in his books he has shown a particular attention to Spanish history." - 2000 [45] Note

^ Vittorio Messori ^ From Authorized Biography. Archived August 6, 2012 at the Internet Archive. of the writer ^ Vittorio Messori and Aldo Cazzullo, The mystery of Turin , Arnoldo Mondadori Editore ; in the first chapters Messori tells of his life in via Sobrero and in the village ^ Article by Francesco Cevasco published in Corriere della Sera, 29 July 2000.

Vittorio Messori, Hypothesis on Jesus. Stefano Lorenzetto, "I'll tell you about my husband Messori", interview with Rosanna Brichetti Messori , in Il Giornale , May 27, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2014. Information from Authorized Biography Archived December 19, 2011 at the Internet Archive. of the writer ^ According to SIAE data, Messori's essay is, with Giovannino Guareschi 's Don Camillo and Umberto Eco 's The Name of the Rose , the best-selling and translated Italian book of the post -war period. Among other things, it was the first Catholic book, published by a Catholic house, which managed to remain firmly at the top of the best seller charts. ^ Information from Authorized Biography. Archived December 19, 2011 at the Internet Archive. of the writer ^ In 1985 the Synod of Bishops opened in the Vatican to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the closing of the Second Vatican Council : to journalists attracted by the controversy aroused by the book, Joaquín Navarro-Valls, Vatican spokesman, had to specify that the bishops were not there for discuss that volume Archived copy , on et-et.it. Retrieved December 10, 2011 (archived from the original on December 19, 2011). ^ The exact sentence he uttered is: «Cecchetto [another speaker present, ed] is rightly telling me that perhaps these fathers of the country, whose suspicious bronze monuments clutter our squares, more than monuments, deserved Nuremberg. Perhaps Nuremberg was the right city for these people. », Rimini Meeting, 30 August 1990 Archived on 4 March 2016 in the Internet Archive. ^ The Challenge of Faith, pp. 435 and following. ^ The daily compass.Archived January 13, 2011 at the Internet Archive ., January 10, 2011 ^ The daily compass.Archived January 16, 2011 at the Internet Archive ., January 13, 2011 ^ Corriere della Sera, 3 June 2010 ^ Information from Authorized Biography. Archived August 25, 2010 at the Internet Archive. of the writer ^ On December 27, 2000, at the embassy building to the Holy See, during the reception for the King's name day , Messori received the insignia of "Caballero" "for his commitment to the defense of Iberian culture " The ^ Corrado Lamberti, CICAP website - The "false" of Lourdes and the mistreated science, on cicap.org. Retrieved 3 December 2013.

Gad Lerner, You are a bastard: against the abuse of identities, Milan, Feltrinelli, 2005 - ISBN 88-07-84060-X , 9788807840609, p. 51 ^ David I. Kertzer, The Doctored ' Memoir' of a Jewish Boy Kidnapped by the Vatican , April 15, 2018. ^ Nicole Winfield, Memoir of secretly baptized Jewish boy kidnapped by Vatican under fresh scrutiny, on www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved August 29, 2020. ^ Vittorio Messori, Pope Benedict XVI - The TIME 100, on time.com , Time. Archived from the original on May 24, 2009. ^ "My novel never born", from the author's website ^ The website authorized by Messori ^ Corriere della Sera, 14 December 2014 ^ Leonardo Boff's blog Corriere della Sera, 27 December 2014 ^ From: Corriere della Sera / Cultura ^ Vittorio Fusco, Messori: the trumpets of concordism, in Il Regno , n. 8/1993, April 15, 1993, p. 249. ^ Vittorio Messori, The Christ Case, in Jesus , 1993. ^ Alessandro Manzoni, Chapter XXXVII, in The Betrothed , 1842. ^ Giulio Michelini, The Life of Jesus Christ by Giuseppe Ricciotti, in Convivium Assisiense , vol. 1, 2005, pp. 225-238. ^ Some reviews. Archived April 4, 2010 at the Internet Archive. collected by the author ^ review of 30Giorni magazine ^ San Valentino Award ^ Awarded by the Accademia della Torre di Carrara ^ Roll of honor Premio Cultura Histonium ^ Tito Casini Award to Messori and Brambilla ^ Roll of honor La Torre Award ^ Messori awarded in Sassuolo ^ Vittorio Messori awarded in Split ^ Messori awarded in Alessandria ^ Messori awarded in Siena ^ The "Fisherman 2012" is Vittorio Messori / Page 30: Alto Garda and Ledro / year 87 - n ° 15/2012 / Magazine / Home - Vita Trentina Editrice ^ Messori awarded by the King of Spain

Bibliography

Rosanna Brichetti Messori, A faith in two. My life with Vittorio, Milan, Ares Editions, 2018. ISBN 978-88-815-57-790 Aurelio Porfiri, ET-ET: Hypothesis on Vittorio Messori, preface by Marco Tosatti, Hong Kong-Rome, Chorabooks Editore, 2017. ISBN 98-877-2591-9 Sergio De Santis, The mystery of the returned leg (critical review of the book Il miracolo )

Translated Spanish text
Vittorio Messori ( Sassuolo, 1941 ) is an Italian Catholic journalist and writer. He is considered the most translated Catholic writer in the world. Vittorio Messori Vittorio Messori Desenzano 2004.jpg Personal information Birth Died April 16, 1941 ( age 81) Sassuolo ( Italy ) View and modify the data in Wikidata View and modify the data in Wikidata Nationality italian Religion Catholic View and modify the data in Wikidata Family Spouse Rosanna Brichetti Messori View and modify the data in Wikidata Education educated in	University of Turin View and modify the data in Wikidata Professional information Occupation Historian, journalist and writer View and modify the data in Wikidata Employer The stamp View and modify the data in Wikidata Signature Vittorio-messori-autograph-novembre-1990.jpg Web Website www.vittoriomessori.it View and modify the data in Wikidata [ edit data at Wikidata ] Index

Biography

Although he was baptized at birth, Messori was raised in an anticlerical family and Vittorio himself refused to have any relationship with the Church, until in his university years he converted to Christianity, as did his friend André Frossard. [ 1 ] He graduated from a renowned Azeglio high school in Turin, later earning a doctorate in political science with a thesis on the 19th century Risorgimento.

He began his professional activity as an editor, later moving on to direct the press office of a large publishing house.

For years he worked as a chronicler for La Stampa Sera, until he was appointed editor of the daily La Stampa and the weekly Tuttolibri.

He is a profound investigator of Christianity and especially of Catholicism. His most influential works were: The Hypothesis on Jesus (1977), Opus Dei (1996), The Report on Faith (1987), an interview with then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger.

He was the first journalist to conduct a lengthy interview with Pope John Paul II, which was published in a book titled Crossing the Threshold of Hope (1994).

His research in Spain on the Miracle of Calanda resulted in his book El Gran Milagro (1998). Bibliography

Messori, Vittorio; Nicholas Bux (2015). How to go to mass and not lose faith. StellaMaris. ISBN 9788416128433.

Messori, Vittorio (2013). Bernadette did not fool us. Editorial LibrosLibres. ISBN 99788415570363.

Messori, Vittorio; Andrea Tornielli (2009). Why do I think ? Editorial LibrosLibres. ISBN 978-84-92654-14-7.

Messori, Vittorio (2007). Hypothesis about Mary. Editorial LibrosLibres. ISBN 978-84-96088-62-7.

Benedict XVI ; Messori, Vittorio (2005). Report on Faith. Library of Christian Authors. ISBN 978-84-7914-783-9.

Mondadori, Leonardo ; Messori, Vittorio (2004). The Conversion: A Personal Story. Grijalbo. ISBN 978-84-253-3874-8.

John Paul II ; Messori, Vittorio (2004). Crossing the Threshold of Hope. New Pocket Editions. ISBN 978-84-9793-390-2.

Messori, Vittorio (2003). They Say He Is Risen: An Inquiry into the Empty Tomb. Rialp Editions. ISBN 978-84-321-3342-8.

Messori, Vittorio; Brambilla, Michele (2000). Some Reasons to Believe. Editorial Planet. ISBN 978-84-08-03536-7.

Messori, Vittorio (2000). Black Legends of the Church. Editorial Planet. ISBN 978-84-08-01778-3.

Messori, Vittorio (1999). The Great Miracle. Editorial Planet. ISBN 978-84-08-03211-3.

Messori, Vittorio (1998). Did he suffer under Pontius Pilate? . Rialp Editions. ISBN 978-84-321-3044-1.

Messori, Vittorio (1997). Opus Dei: An Inquiry. International University Editions. ISBN 978-84-89893-00-9.

Messori, Vittorio (1997). The Challenges of the Catholic. Editorial Planet. ISBN 978-84-08-02181-0.

Messori, Vittorio (1997). Being a Christian in a Hostile World: Hypotheses on Sainthood, Francisco Faà de Bruno. Edibesa. ISBN 978-84-89761-31-5.

Messori, Vittorio (1995). Betting on death: the Christian proposal, illusion or hope? . Library of Christian Authors. ISBN 978-84-7914-175-2.

Messori, Vittorio (1978). Hypothesis about Jesus. Messenger Editions. ISBN 978-84-271-1110-3.

References

"Doctor, my son has a very serious symptom: I discovered that he goes to Mass". Archived from the original on November 14, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2010.