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Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif
Ahmed Bey (Hadj Ahmed Bey Ben Mohammed Chérif 1786-1851) (Arabic: أحمد باي) is the last bey of Constantine. Son of Mohammed Cherif, and El Hadja Béguia, daughter of Ben Ganah (Mozabite noble family). His grand father was the head of the city of Collo, and Governor of the Beylik (territory) of Algiers is between 1768 and 1771.

He was the last legitimate Governor of Algeria after the surrender of Hussein Dey, he then received of the ottoman Caliphate, the title of Pasha of Algeria. He reigned by maintaining his well-deserved reputation of Algerian East tyrant, from August 1826 to December 15, 1837. He fought against the French presence, from October 1837 to June 1848.

Biography
Barely eighteen years old, the bey Abd Allah gave him the title of Caïd (Chief) of the el Aouassi tribes. Following the earthquake in the Blida region the dey, appointed him to Hunah el Kadous, around Algiers, and gives him the enjoyment of haouch Ouled Baba. Ahmed Bey engages in passions, such as hunting and the horses. From time to time he took part in several expeditions to protect the Ottoman troops, who were engaged against hostile Kabyle tribes such as the Beni Menad and the Beni Djenad. During his pilgrimage to Mecca which lasted fifteen months, from Egypt he met several famous people, including Muhammad Ali Pasha, his son Ibrahim Pasha and Toussoun Pasha.

Appointed bey of Constantine in 1826, he modernized the country focusing on the army. He led the Algerian resistance against the French occupation forces in the East of the Algeria with the aid of Hussein Pasha and, after the capture of Algiers, he retired in his province to Constantine. In 1832 he entrusted to his lieutenant Ben Aïssa the care for the population of Bône. He organized the defence of Constantine, Algeria, and leads several battles against the French army.

In January 1834, the Bey of Constantine Hadj Ahmed Bey and the chiefs of the constantinoises tribes send a complaint to the British Parliament to seek the help of Britain against french forces. He won his first success in 1836 against the maréchal Clauzel. When Constantine was sieged by the French in 1837, Ahmed Bey manages to escape and to organize resistance in the Aurès Mountains. In 1842, he rallies the tribe of Ouled Nasser, hoping to give the hand in the Kabyles, and approached the camp of Ain Roumel. Launched its Crown, on 25 August 1842, French General Jean-René Sillègue enters the land of the Amouchas, name of a village north of Sétif, and met a gathering of two to three thousand Kabyles who failed to stop him. On September 10, the General defeated the Cavalry of Hadj Ahmed Bey at the foot of Djbel Bou Taleb, and manages to destroy his influence on the tribes of the Tell.

Ahmed died on August 30, 1850, 65 years old. According to his wishes, he is buried in Algiers in the mosque of Sidi Abder Rahman of Algiers in Bab El Oued. His marble mausoleum, is surmounted by a turban.

Double (association football)
CR Belouizdad detains the record in the number of wins rsssf.com.

Ali Khodja
Ali Ben Ahmed, nicknamed Ali Khodja, was the dey of Algiers from September 1817, just after the assassination of his predecessor Omar Agha the 8th. He remained so until his death in February 1818.

A few days after his arrival, and to better ensure her safety, he left the Palace of the Djenina located in the lower part of the city of Casbah and offering small defences, to move to the fortress of the Casbah where he put the treasure safe. He died of the plague in February 28, 1818.

Omar Agha
Omar Agha was dey of Algiers from April 1815 to September 1817, after the assassination of his predecessor Mohamed Kharnadji the 7th of April 1815, who had been only for 17 days in office, also, after the assassination of his predecessor.

He launched a war against Tunis, and leaded the Attacks of Barbary privateers on American ships, an expedition of the US Navy led by Commodore Stephen Decatur in the head of a squadron of nine ships, is conducted in 1815 against the Regency of Algiers. The episode is known as the Second Barbary War. The operation force the dey Omar to sign a treaty ending attacks, treaty that he denounces also shortly after.

The Congress of Vienna, which addressed the problem of Christian slaves from barbaresque piracy, charged the United Kingdom of the discussion with the dey of Algiers and the beys of Tunis and Tripoli.

If the latter two were supportive, it is not the same for Omar Agha. It would takes the bombardment of Algiers on 27 August 1816, by the anglo-dutchs commanded by British Admiral Lord Exmouth, to bring the dey to abolish the slavery. But despite the signing of a treaty and the release of 3,000 europeans slaves, this is of little effect as the Congress of Aachen evokes again the same problem in 1818.

Omar was strangled on September 8, 1817 by the janissaries, following its repeated defeats and domestic problems. His successor was Ali ben Ahmed.

List of beys of Constantine, Algeria
Since the year 1528 a.d., and under the Regency of Algiers, the Constantine Province (or Constantine beylik) is governed by a Bey appointed by the dey of Algiers, until Constantine had been taken by the French Royal Army on 13 October 1837. As for the other provinces of the Regency (the beylik of Oran and the beylik of the Titteri), the bey of Constantine was the representative of the dey of Algiers and administrative province in his name.

Since 1528 and until 1830, the province of Constantine is governed by 44 beys, the first was Ramdane-Tchulak bey who reigned on the province between 1528 and 1567. The last was Ahmed Bey who's reign started in 1826. This is the list of the beys and the year their mandate begun, annotated with important facts :




 * Ramdane-Tchulak bey, 1528
 * Djaâfer bey, 1567
 * Mourad bey, 1637 - was remembered by the revolt of Ahmed Sakheri
 * Ferhat bey, 1648
 * Mohammed bey ben Ferbat, 1652
 * Redjem bey, 1667
 * Kheïr ed-din bey, 1673
 * Abdul-Rahman Dali bey, 1676
 * Omar ben Abd-el Ramdan, 1679
 * Châban bey, 1687
 * Ali Khoudja bey, 1692
 * Ahmed bey ben Ferhat, 1700
 * Brahim bey, 1702
 * Hamouda bey, 1709
 * Ali bey ben Hamouda, 1708
 * Hussein chaouch, 1709
 * Abd-el Rahman bey, 1710
 * Hosseïn Denguezli Bey, 1710
 * Ali bey ben Salah, 1710
 * Kelian Hussein bou Komia, 1713
 * Hussein bey Bousnek, 1746
 * Hosseïn Bey dit Zereg-Aïnou (title meaning "the blue eyed"), 1753
 * Ahmed Bey El-Kolli, 1756, deceased from illness
 * Salah Bey, 1771 - 1792, born in 1725 in Izmir in Turkey. Hassan Pacha, the dey of Algiers, ordered his assassination in 1792.
 * Hussein Bey ben Bousnek, 1st september 1791, son of Hassan Pacha Bousnek, assassinated.
 * El Asrak Aïno, 1791
 * Moustapha ben Sliman El-Ouznadji, February 1795 - Janvier 1798, assassinated.
 * Hadj-Mustapha-Ingliz (called "the British"), January 1798 - 1803 exiled to Tunis
 * Osman Ben Koulougli, 1803, Killed facing Kabyles rebels
 * Abdallah Bey, 1804, Assassinated.
 * Hussein bey ben Salah, 1806, son of Salah bey the Turkish. Assassinated as was his father.
 * Ali bey ben Youssef, august 1807. Assassinated.
 * Bey-Rouhou,, Quinze jours de règne. Assassinated.
 * Ahmed bey Tobbal, 1808 - 1811. Assassinated.
 * Mohammed Nàman bey, 1811 - 1814. Assassinated.
 * Mohammed Chakar bey, 1814 - 1818. Assassinated.
 * Kara Mustapha, 1818 - 1818, 33 days of reign. Assassinated.
 * Ahmed Bey El Mamelouk, 1818 - 1818, reigned for a month, he was named bey once again later.
 * Braham bey Charbi, 1 year of reign. Assassinated.
 * Mohammed bey Mili, 1818 - 1819, surnamed bou chetabia (the Machete man). 2 years of reign. Exiled to Algiers.
 * Ahmed bey El Mamelouk, 1820 - 1822. Exiled to Miliana, where he is assassinated.
 * Ibrahim bey, 1822 - 1824, Exiled to Médéa, Assassinated in 1832 on the orders of Ahmed Bey.
 * Mohammed bey Malamli, 1824 - 1826, or Manamani. Deux ans de règne. Exilé à Alger.
 * Ahmed Bey, 1826 - 15 décembre 1837. Declared dethroned by the French Empire the december 15th, 1830, for non submission.

Sidi Abder Rahman El Thaelebi
Sidi Abdul-Rahman (1384 /785 - 1479 /875 )  was born near the town of Isser 86 km south east of Algiers. He was rised in a very spiritual environment with high Islamic values and ethics.

When 15 years old, Sidi Abdul-Rahman, with his father Sidi Mohamed Ben Makhlouf, went to Morocco for studies where he met the muslim scholar Sidi Mohamed Ibn Marzoug Al Adrissi. In 1392, he made another trip to Bejaia (200 km east of Algiers) seeking knowledge where his father passed away. He stayed in Bejaia for 7 years studying islamic sciences.

He then travelled to Tunis in 1406, Cairo in 1414 and Bursa in Turkey, where he was well received and a shrine was erected in his honour which remains an endowment for this saint man.

From Turkey, Sidi Abdul-Rahman went to perform Hajj to Mecca, after which he returned to his native Algeria after a 20 years. He teached in the Great Mosque of Algiers until he died on the Friday of 23rd of Ramadan 875 AH, the 15th of March 1479 after dedicating 95 years of his life to serve Islam and Muslims.

Legacy
He left a legacy of more than 100 books, among which, the most important Al Jawahir Al Hissane fi Tafsir Al Koran (the fine pearls in the exegesis of the Koran). He was buried near the quarter of "Bab El Oued" in the heart of Algiers.

Prayer times


To calculate prayer times two astronomical mesures are necessary, the declination of the sun and the difference between clock time and sundial clock. This difference being the result of the eccentricity of the earth's orbit and the inclination of its axe, it is called the Equation of time. The declination of the sun is the angle between sun's rays and the equator plan.

In addition to the above measures, to calculate prayer times for a specific location we need the its spherical coordinates.

In the following $$ T_Z $$ is the time zone, and $$T_E$$ the time equation value. $$ L $$ and $$ D $$ are respectively the Longitude and the Latitude of the considered point.

An other important equation gives the time difference between when the sun hits its highest point in the sky (Dhuhr time) and any other angle $$\alpha$$, as follow: $$ T(\alpha) = {1 \over 15} arcos \Big( {-sin(\alpha)-sin(L)*sin(D) \over cos(L)*cos(D)} \Big) $$

If we consider the elevation of the point we should add another correction to the constant $$ 0.0347 \times sqrt(h) $$.
 * Midday (Dhuhr) time is easily obtained. When the sun reaches the mid sky, time is given by: $$T_{Dhuhr} = 12 + T_Z - (L/15 + T_E)$$
 * Sunrise (Chorok) and Sunset (Maghreb) time are given by $$ T(0.833) $$, in fact it is the astronomical sunset/sunrise that occurs for $$\alpha = 0 $$. 0.833 is a slight correction that gives the actual time. So $$T_{Chorok} = T_{Dhuhr} - T(0.833)$$ and $$T_{Sunset} = T_{Dhuhr} + T(0.833)$$.
 * For Fadjr and Isha many conventions about the angle $$\alpha$$ exist. It is of 17 and 18 degrees respectively for Fadjr and Isha prayers according to the Muslim World League.
 * For Asr time according to the majority of muslim schools, including Shafi'i, Maliki, Ja'fari, and Hanbali, it is when the length of an object shadows became equal to its length plus the length of its shadow at noon. The Hanafi schools states that the time of Asr is when an object's shadow reaches two times the length of the object itself, plus the length of its shadow at noon. The time the shadow of an object reaches $$T$$ times its length is given by the equation: $$A(T) = {1 \over 15} arcos \Big( {sin(arcot(t+tan(L-D)))-sin(L)*sin(D) \over cos(L)*cos(D)} \Big)$$.
 * It is called for the Maghrib prayer when the sun is completely folded behind the horizon, plus 3 minutes by precaution.

Hocine Aït Ahmed
After the war for Algerian independence, during wiche he was one of the main leaders of the National Liberation Front (FLN), Aït Ahmed resigned from the provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA) and all the organs of the new power, during the crisis of the summer 1962. In September 1963, he founded the Socialist Forces Front (FFS) which seeks political pluralism in political life locked by the single party system.

Arrested and sentenced to death in 1964, he escaped from the El Harrach prison on May 1st, 1966. Exiled in Switzerland, he became a doctor of law. He returned to Algeria after the riots of 1988 but again left his country after the assassination of the President, Mohamed Boudiaf, in 1992. He had repeatedly returned to Algeria since then, including during the 50th anniversary of the outbreak of the war of liberation (November 1st, 1954).