User:EJPit/New sandbox

History
Early race-based residential segregation in American cities is tied to rapid urbanization, which began in the late 19th and early 20th century. Prior to that time, the African-Americans who lived in cities lived in scattered locations.

Development of segregated residential neighborhoods was associated with massive influxes of European immigrants and African-Americans. These groups had limited funds and job opportunities and ended up clustered in neighborhoods with poor housing. These neighborhoods were characterized by social unrest and diseases such as typhoid and tuberculosis. Racially restrictive covenants barred Black families from buying houses in white neighborhoods.

Progressive social reformers attempted to ameliorate these conditions, but were unsuccessful, particularly with respect to African-Americans. The first ordinance establishing segregated neighborhoods was passed in Baltimore in 1910. Overt ordinances were struck down in Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60 (1917) but the practice continued and became deeply ingrained in urban culture, resulting in limited housing for an expanding population and development of the African-American ghetto with poor overcrowded housing and numerous social ills. In large part, residential discrimination was driven by school segregation, which was legal until Brown v. Board of Education was decided in 1954, but has persisted due to continuing segregated residential patterns in most American cities.

Gentrification
Gentrification is another form of class- and race-based residential segregation. Gentrification is defined as displacement of lower-income, frequently minority residents by higher-income, typically white residents and businesses in urban neighborhoods. Critical race theory is used to examine the intersection of race and class in demographic changes in the U.S.