User:ENVSstudent104/Santa Clara Valley Water District

Introduction :
"''The Santa Clara Valley Water District (also known as Valley Water) provides stream stewardship, wholesale water supply and flood protection for Santa Clara County, California, in the southern San Francisco Bay Area." "The district encompasses all of the county's 1,300 square miles (3,400 km2) and serves the area's 15 cities, 2 million residents and more than 200,000 commuters.''"

In terms of acres, the district includes 138,000 acres, and 120,700 of those acres are lands that people have built cities, roads or cultivate farms on. Almost 2,000 pumping wells supply the districts fields, houses and businesses with a clean reliable source of water. The water district has about 150 miles of pipelines, operates 10 dams and reservoirs, three treatment plants, many groundwater recharge basins, three pump stations and an advanced water purification plant. "The district's three water treatment plants can produce as much as 210,000,000 US gallons (800,000 m3) of drinking water a day."

Watersheds of Santa Clara Valley:

There are five major watersheds in the Santa Clara water district. They include the Coyote Watershed, Guadalupe Watershed, Lower Peninsula Watershed, Uvas-Llagas Watershed, West Valley Watershed.


 * Coyote Watershed- This is Santa Clara Water Districts largest water shed and is approximately 322 square miles. The Penitencia Water Treatment Plant is located in this watershed and provides 270,000 customers with drinkable water.
 * Guadalupe Watershed- This watershed holds the Lexington Reservoir and is approximately 170 square miles.
 * Lower Peninsula Watershed- This watershed is approximately 98 square miles.
 * Uvas-Llagas Watershed- This watershed is approximately 104 sqaure miles.
 * West Valley Watershed- This watershed is approximately 85 square miles.

Origin of the water the Santa Clara Water District uses:

The water that supplies the Santa Clara Valley Water District comes from different locations. Some of it comes snowpack melt miles away. This water is brought to the county through the many infrastructure projects in California, one of these infrastructure projects includes the Federal Central Valley Project. Santa Clara county also gets some of its water from recycled water. This water is purified to remove impurities and is used in multiple areas such as in agriculture. Santa Clara Water District has historically extracted water from under the ground in aquifers as well. Alluvial aquifers are the source of this ground water.

Santa Clara Water District purification process:

They treat water in many stages, first they remove substances such as solids, they then disinfect with ozone. After that, microscopic particles are then removed. The final stage is to disinfect with chlorine. Chlorine is a good disinfectant as it is highly potent to organisms that may have survived the previous water purification stages, as well as help prevent the contamination of other organism after the stages are complete and while the water is being moved.

Ground water over-extraction:

Over the years people have over-extracted the districts ground water causing problems. In 1916-1934 there was a drought due to lack of rainfall; this coupled with excessive water withdrawal dropped the average water level in wells in the Santa Clara Water District to 108 feet. Excessive water consumption over many years has led to groundwater drops of more than 200 feet in some areas. When water levels in these aquifers drop below their threshold, compaction causes the aquifer to not store as much water as it originally did before overextraction. This causes further issues as there is less available water to meet the needs of the people, farm and ecosystems that rely on this water. This also led to land subsidence up to 12.7 feet between the 60-year gap from 1900 to the 1960’s. Meaning that the ground level sunk.

Climate Change Adaptation:

The Santa Clara Water District has a guide to address "climate change" as they expect the area to experience changes that will impact people and wildlife. They expect changes to occur in such things as the amount of rain received to the temperature of the air. In fact, the driest start of the year the Santa Clara Water District ever recorded was noted on 3/14/2022. They also expect severe weather events such as droughts, heat waves and even wildfires to increase. This guide is known as the CCAP, or Valley Waters Climate Change Action Plan.

This action plan has 7 goals:


 * "1. Reduce direct greenhouse gas emissions
 * 2. Expand the renewable energy portfolio and improve energy efficiency
 * 3. Reduce indirect greenhouse gas emissions
 * 4. Water supply adaption
 * 5. Flood protection adaption
 * 6. Ecosystem adaptation
 * 7. Emergency preparedness"

Protection and Reintroduction of endangered Species:

The district has over 800 miles worth of waterways to protect and care for. Within the counties' waterways live endangered species that need protection. One goal of the Santa Clara water District is to reintroduce the red-legged frog, an endangered amphibian. They also encourage the reestablishment and protection of other endangered species such as the "Steelhead Trout", and the "Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse".

Education:

Santa Clara Water district provides “Water Education Programs and Events”. They hold virtual events and distance learning, as well as school classroom programs. Interested parties can volunteer.

Projects/Reports:
 * Water Treatment Plants Electrical Improvement Project- The hearing for this project was held on February 8th, 2022. Talks on improvements were on such things as:


 * Calabazas Creek Bank Rehabilitation Project-


 * Purified Water Project Scoping Meeting for the Environmental Impact Report-

Incidents:
 * Fish and Aquatic Habitat Collaborative Effort program Draft Environmental Impact Report- Held on July 21st, 2021. Objectives of this projects included: ("1. Restore and maintain a healthy steelhead population in Steven's creek watershed. 2. Restore and maintain healthy steelhead and Chinook salmon populations in the Guadalupe River watershed. 3. Maintain flexible and reliable groundwater recharge to support current and future water supply.").
 * The Santa Clara water District has a “Safe, Clean Water and Natural Flood Protection Program”. Its priorities are supply a water source that is not only safe but reliable, reducing water contaminants such as toxins and hazards, provide a safety net of the water source in case of a natural disaster such as from earthquakes, help restore and protect habitat for wildlife, help protect people by supplying flood protection for their business, homes and schools, and provide the community with public health support.

There was a leak in one of the pipelines in 2015 resulting in an estimated loss of 20 million gallons of water and resulted in $1.2 million in repairs and property damage. The failure affected about 500 customers.

The below are Pasted from the existing article to help me organize the new layout for the article including some of what the original article author wrote:

"The Santa Clara Valley Water District (also known as Valley Water) provides stream stewardship, wholesale water supply and flood protection for Santa Clara County, California, in the southern San Francisco Bay Area. The district encompasses all of the county's 1,300 square miles (3,400 km2) and serves the area's 15 cities, 2 million residents and more than 200,000 commuters. The district's three water treatment plants can produce as much as 210,000,000 US gallons (800,000 m3) of drinking water a day. Another part of the district's mission is to manage flood and storm waters along the county's hundreds of miles of creeks and rivers in an environmentally sensitive manner. "

References:
Just a draft of my work cited:

Valley website source.

USGS Source.

Journal Source

Journal 1 Source.

Journal 2 Source.