User:ERcheck/Sandbox

= Pathologic complete response (pCR) = Pathologic complete response (pCR) (also referred to as pathologic complete remission) is a measurement of the response to treatment for cancer. It is defined as "The lack of all signs of cancer in tissue samples removed during surgery or biopsy after treatment with radiation or chemotherapy."

Determining pCR
To determine if there is a pCR, microscopic examination of tissue samples is undertaken to determine if any cancer cells are left after treatment. pCR shows how well the treatment worked and correlates to recurrence of the cancer.

Breast cancer
In the case of breast cancer, it is defined as "the absence of invasive cancer in the breast and lymph nodes after treatment.

"Several studies have shown an association between pCR to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer and better disease-free survival, as well as better overall survival." "Breast Cells One way doctors judge the effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is to look at the tissue removed during surgery to see if any actively growing cancer cells are present. If no active cancer cells are present, doctors call it a “pathologic complete response” or pCR.

Importance of pCR
"A number of neoadjuvant trials have established a relationship between pCR and event-free survival' and "low recurrence risk when pCR [is] achieved." Several studies have shown an association between pCR to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer and better disease-free survival, as well as better overall survival.

"The link between pCR and survival is strongest when the pCR includes both the breast and the lymph nodes."

Definition: Cancer.gov https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/pcr

The lack of all signs of cancer in tissue samples removed during surgery or biopsy after treatment with radiation or chemotherapy. To find out if there is a pathologic complete response, a pathologist checks the tissue samples under a microscope to see if there are still cancer cells left after the anticancer treatment. Knowing if the cancer is in pathologic complete response may help show how well treatment is working or if the cancer will come back. Also called pathologic complete remission. From Mulcahy: quote A new study strengthens the evidence that pathological complete response (pCR) is a good surrogate marker of longer-term efficacy in the neoadjuvant drug treatment of breast cancer.

pCR, which is defined as the absence of invasive cancer in the breast and lymph nodes after treatment, can be measured within weeks of starting a drug. Thus, it can provide a very early indicator of efficacy.

Multiple retrospective studies in the neoadjuvant setting have shown that pCR correlates with long-term outcomes, she explained. "We have been looking at it for decades," said Dr. Litton about pC

=
= Douglas-Mansfield Act = United States Public Law 82-416, best known as the Douglas-Mansfield Act, passed by the United States Congress in June 1952 gave legislative support to the roles and missions of the United States Marine Corps. The Act decreed a three-division/three-wing force structure for the Marine Corps.

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=List of United States Marine Corps recipients of Medal of Honor= This is a list of United States Marines Corps recipients of the Medal of Honor by campaign. The rank listed is that at the time of the action for which the Medal of Honor was awarded.

There have been 296 Medals of Honor awarded to 294 U.S. Marine Corps recipients spanning 18 conflicts.

American Civil War (1861-1865)

 * 1) Sergeant Richard Binder
 * 2) Sergeant J. Henry Denig
 * 3) Orderly Sergeant Isaac N. Fry
 * 4) Sergeant Michael Hudson
 * 5) Corporal John F. Mackie
 * 6) Sergeant James Martin (USMC)
 * 7) Sergeant Andrew Miller (Medal of Honor, 1864)
 * 8) Orderly Sergeant Christopher Nugent
 * 9) Corporal Miles M. Oviatt
 * 10) Corporal John Rannahan
 * 11) Sergeant James S. Roantree
 * 12) Private John Shivers
 * 13) Corporal Willard M. Smith
 * 14) Orderly Sergeant David Sprowle
 * 15) Private Henry A. Thompson
 * 16) Corporal Andrew J. Tomlin
 * 17) Sergeant Pinkerton R. Vaughn

Korean campaign (1871)

 * 1) Corporal Charles Brown (Medal of Honor)
 * 2) Private John Coleman (Medal of Honor)
 * 3) Private James Dougherty (Medal of Honor)
 * 4) Private Michael Owens (Medal of Honor)
 * 5) Private Hugh Purvis

Interim 1872-1881

 * 1) Corporal John Morris
 * 2) Corporal James A. Stewart

Spanish-American War (1898)

 * 1) Private Daniel Campbell
 * 2) Private Oscar Wadsworth Field
 * 3) Private John Fitzgerald (USMC)
 * 4) Private Joseph John Franklin
 * 5) Sergeant Philip Gaughan
 * 6) Private Frank Hill (USMC)
 * 7) Private Michael Kearney (USMC)
 * 8) Private Hermann William Kuchneister
 * 9) Private Harry Lewis MacNeal
 * 10) Private James Meredith (USMC) (Name later changed to Patrick F. Ford, Jr.)
 * 11) Private Pomeroy Parker
 * 12) Sergeant John Henry Quick
 * 13) Private Joseph Francis Scott
 * 14) Private Edward Sullivan (USMC)
 * 15) Private Walter Scott West

Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902)

 * 1) Captain Hiram Iddings Bearss
 * 2) Private Howard Major Buckley
 * 3) Sergeant Bruno Albert Forsterer
 * 4) Sergeant Harry Harvey
 * 5) Private Henry Lewis Hulbert
 * 6) Private Joseph Leonard
 * 7) Sergeant Michael Joseph McNally
 * 8) Captain David Dixon Porter
 * 9) Corporal Thomas Francis Prendergast

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

 * 1) Sergeant John Mapes Adams
 * 2) Corporal Harry Chapman Adriance*
 * 3) Corporal Edwin Nelson Appleton
 * 4) Private Erwin Jay Boyston
 * 5) Private James Burnes
 * 6) Private Albert Ralph Campbell
 * 7) Private William Louis Carr
 * 8) Private James Cooney (Boxer Rebelllion)
 * 9) Corporal John Olof Dahlgren
 * 10) Private Daniel Joseph Daly
 * 11) Private Harry Fisher (Real name was Franklin J. Phillips)
 * 12) Sergeant Alexander Joseph Foley
 * 13) Private Charles Robert Francis*
 * 14) Private Louis Rene Gaiennie
 * 15) Private Henry William Heisch
 * 16) Private William Charlie Horton
 * 17) Private Martin Hunt
 * 18) Private Thomas Wilbur Kates
 * 19) Private Clarence Edward Mathias
 * 20) Private Albert Moore
 * 21) Drummer John A. Murphy
 * 22) Private William H. Murray
 * 23) Private Harry Westley Orndoff
 * 24) Corporal Reuben Jasper Phillips
 * 25) Private Herbert Irving Preston
 * 26) Private David John Scannell
 * 27) Private France Silva
 * 28) Gunnery Sergeant Peter Stewart
 * 29) Sergeant Clarence Edwin Sutton
 * 30) Private Oscar J. Upham
 * 31) Sergeant Edward Alexander Walker
 * 32) Private Frank Albert Young
 * 33) Private William Zion

Interim 1901

 * 1) Sergeant John Henry Helms
 * 2) Private Louis Fred Pfeifer

Vera Cruz (1914)

 * 1) Major Randolph Carter Berkeley
 * 2) Major Smedley Darlington Butler
 * 3) Major Albertus W. Catlin
 * 4) Captain Jesse Farley Dyer
 * 5) Captain Eli Thompson Fryer
 * 6) Captain Walter Newell Hill
 * 7) Captain John Arthur Hughes
 * 8) Lieutenant Colonel Wendell Cushing Neville
 * 9) Major George Croghan Reid

Haitian Campaign (1915)

 * 1) Major Smedley Darlington Butler
 * 2) Gunnery Sergeant Daniel Joseph Daly
 * 3) Private Samuel Gross
 * 4) Sergeant Ross Lindsey Iams
 * 5) First Lieutenant Edward Albert Ostermann
 * 6) Captain William Peterkin Upshur

Dominican Republic (1916)

 * 1) Corporal Joseph Anthony Glowin
 * 2) First Lieutenant Ernest Calvin Williams
 * 3) First Sergeant Roswell Winans

World War I (1917-1918)

 * 1) Sergeant Louis Cukela
 * 2) Gunnery Sergeant Ernest August Janson
 * 3) Private John Joseph Kelly
 * 4) Sergeant Matej Kocak
 * 5) Corporal John Henry Pruitt
 * 6) Gunnery Sergeant Robert Guy Robinson
 * 7) Gunnery Sergeant Fred W. Stockham
 * 8) Second Lieutenant Ralph Talbot

Haitian Campaign (1919-1920)

 * 1) Corporal William Robert Button
 * 2) Sergeant Herman Henry Hanneken|Herman Henry Hanneken

Interim 1921

 * 1) Private Albert Joseph Smith

Second Nicaraguan Campaign (1928-1932)

 * 1) First Lieutenant Christian Frank Schilt
 * 2) Corporal Donald Leroy Truesdale, aka Donald LeRoy Truesdell

World War II (1941-1945)

 * indicates posthumous award


 * 1) Private First Class Harold Christ Agerholm*
 * 2) Private First Class Richard Beatty Anderson*
 * 3) Major Kenneth D. Bailey*
 * 4) Sergeant John Basilone
 * 5) Lieutenant Colonel Harold William Bauer*
 * 6) Corporal Lewis Kenneth Bausell*
 * 7) Corporal Charles Joseph Berry*
 * 8) First Lieutenant Alexander Bonnyman, Jr.*
 * 9) Staff Sergeant William James Bordelon
 * 10) Major Gregory Boyington
 * 11) Corporal Richard Earl Bush
 * 12) Private First Class William Robert Caddy
 * 13) First Lieutenant George Ham Cannon
 * 14) Corporal Anthony Casamento
 * 15) Lieutenant Colonel Justice Marion Chambers
 * 16) Sergeant Darrell Samuel Cole
 * 17) Major Henry Alexuis Courtney, Jr.
 * 18) Corporal Anthony Peter Damato
 * 19) Corporal James L. Day
 * 20) First Lieutenant Jefferson Joseph DeBlanc
 * 21) Captain Robert Hugo Dunlap (Robert H. Dunlap was a Marine Corps general during WWI)
 * 22) Lieutenant Colonel Aquilla James Dyess
 * 23) Colonel Merritt Austin Edson
 * 24) Captain Henry Talmage Elrod
 * 25) Private First Class Harold Glenn Epperson
 * 26) Corporal John Peter Fardy
 * 27) Captain Richard Eugen Fleming
 * 28) Captain Joseph Jacob Foss
 * 29) Private First Class William Adelbert Foster
 * 30) Major Robert Edward Galer
 * 31) Private First Class Harold Gonsalves
 * 32) Sergeant Ross Franklin Gray
 * 33) Private First Class Henry Gurke
 * 34) Private Dale Merlin Hansen
 * 35) First Lieutenant Robert Murray Hanson
 * 36) Sergeant William George Harrell
 * 37) Corporal Louis James Hauge, Jr.
 * 38) First Lieutenant William Deane Hawkins
 * 39) Private First Class Arthur J. Jackson
 * 40) Private First Class Douglas Thomas Jacobson
 * 41) Platoon Sergeant Joseph Rodolph Julian
 * 42) Sergeant Elbert Luther Kinser
 * 43) Private First Class Richard Edward Kraus
 * 44) Private First Class James Dennis La Belle
 * 45) Second Lieutenant John Harold Leims
 * 46) Private First Class Jacklyn Harrell Lucas
 * 47) First Lieutenant Jack Lummus
 * 48) First Lieutenant Harry Linn Martin
 * 49) Private First Class Leonard Foster Mason
 * 50) Gunnery Sergeant Robert Howard McCard
 * 51) Captain Joseph Jeremiah McCarthy
 * 52) Private Robert Miller McTureous, Jr.
 * 53) Private First Class John Dury New
 * 54) Sergeant Robert Allen Owens
 * 55) Private Joseph William Ozbourn
 * 56) Platoon Sergeant Mitchell Paige
 * 57) Private First Class Wesley Phelps
 * 58) Private George Phillips
 * 59) Captain Everett Parker Pope
 * 60) First Lieutenant John Vincent Power
 * 61) Private First Class Charles Howard Roan
 * 62) First Lieutenant Carlton Robert Rouh
 * 63) Private First Class Donald Jack Ruhl
 * 64) Private First Class Albert Earnest Schwab
 * 65) Colonel David Monroe Shoup
 * 66) Private Franklin Earl Sigler
 * 67) Private First Class Luther Skaggs, Jr.
 * 68) Major John Lucian Smith
 * 69) Private Richard Keith Sorenson
 * 70) Corporal Tony Stein
 * 71) First Lieutenant James Elms Swett
 * 72) Sergeant Herbert Joseph Thomas
 * 73) Sergeant Clyde A. Thomason
 * 74) Sergeant Grant Frederick Timmerman
 * 75) Major General Alexander Archer Vandegrift
 * 76) First Lieutenant Kenneth Ambrose Walsh
 * 77) Gunnery Sergeant William Gary Walsh
 * 78) Private Wilson Douglas Watson
 * 79) Corporal Hershel Woodrow Williams
 * 80) Captain Louis Hugh Wilson, Jr.
 * 81) Private First Class Robert Lee Wilson
 * 82) Private First Class Frank Peter Witek

Korean conflict

 * 1) Corporal Charles Gene Abrell
 * 2) Captain William Earl Barber
 * 3) Private First Class William Bernard Baugh
 * 4) Private Hector Albert Cafferata, Jr.
 * 5) Corporal David Bernard Champagne
 * 6) Private First Class Stanley Reuben Christianson
 * 7) First Lieutenant Henry Alfred Commiskey, Sr.
 * 8) Corporal Jack Arden Davenport
 * 9) Lieutenant Colonel Raymond Gilbert Davis
 * 10) Corporal Duane Edgar Dewey
 * 11) Private First Class Fernando Luis Garcia
 * 12) Private First Class Edward Gomez
 * 13) Staff Sergeant Ambrosio Guillen
 * 14) Sergeant James Edmund Johnson
 * 15) Private First Class John Doren Kelly
 * 16) Private Jack William Kelso
 * 17) Staff Sergeant Robert Sidney Kennemore
 * 18) Private First Class Herbert A. Littleton
 * 19) First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez
 * 20) Sergeant Daniel P. Matthews
 * 21) Sergeant Frederick William Mausert III
 * 22) Private First Class Alford Lee McLaughlin
 * 23) First Lieutenant Frank Nicias Mitchell
 * 24) Private First Class Walter Carleton Monegan, Jr.
 * 25) Private First Class Whitt Lloyd Moreland
 * 26) Second Lieutenant Raymond Gerald Murphy
 * 27) Major Reginald Rodney Myers
 * 28) Private First Class Eugene Arnold Obregon
 * 29) Second Lieutenant George Herman O'Brien, Jr.
 * 30) Corporal Lee Hugh Phillips
 * 31) Sergeant James Irsley Poynter
 * 32) Second Lieutenant George Henry Ramer
 * 33) Second Lieutenant Robert Dale Reem
 * 34) Staff Sergeant William Edward Shuck, Jr.
 * 35) Private First Class Robert Ernest Simanek
 * 36) Captain Carl Leonard Sitter
 * 37) Second Lieutenant Sherrod Emerson Skinner, Jr.
 * 38) Staff Sergeant Archie Van Winkle
 * 39) Corporal Joseph Vittori
 * 40) Staff Sergeant Lewis George Watkins
 * 41) Technical Sergeant Harold Edward Wilson
 * 42) Staff Sergeant William Gordon Windrich

Vietnam War

 * 1) Private First Class James Anderson, Jr.
 * 2) Lance Corporal Richard Allen Anderson
 * 3) Private First Class Oscar P. Austin
 * 4) Lance Corporal Jedh Colby Barker
 * 5) First Lieutenant Harvey Curtiss Barnum, Jr.
 * 6) Second Lieutenant John Paul Bobo
 * 7) Private First Class Daniel D. Bruce
 * 8) Private First Class Robert C. Burke
 * 9) Private First Class Bruce Wayne Carter
 * 10) Private First Class Raymond Michael Clausen, Jr.
 * 11) Private First Class Ronald L. Coker
 * 12) Staff Sergeant Peter Spencer Connor
 * 13) Colonel Donald Gilbert Cook
 * 14) Lance Corporal Thomas E. Creek
 * 15) Sergeant Rodney Maxwell Davis
 * 16) Lance Corporal Emilio Albert De La Garza, Jr.
 * 17) Private First Class Ralph Ellis Dias
 * 18) Private First Class Douglas Eugene Dickey
 * 19) Sergeant Paul Hellstrom Foster
 * 20) First Lieutenant Wesley Lee Fox
 * 21) Sergeant Alfredo Gonzalez
 * 22) Captain James Albert Graham
 * 23) Second Lieutenant Terrence Collinson Graves
 * 24) Staff Sergeant Jimmie Earl Howard
 * 25) Lance Corporal James Donnie Howe
 * 26) Private First Class Robert H. Jenkins, Jr.
 * 27) Lance Corporal Jose Francisco Jimenez
 * 28) Private First Class Ralph H. Johnson
 * 29) Lance Corporal Miguel Keith
 * 30) Staff Sergeant Allan J. Kellogg, Jr.
 * 31) Captain Howard Vincent Lee
 * 32) Captain James E. Livingston
 * 33) Private First Class Gary Wayne Martini
 * 34) Corporal Larry Leonard Maxam
 * 35) Staff Sergeant John James McGinty III
 * 36) Captain Robert Joseph Modrzejewski
 * 37) Corporal William D. Morgan
 * 38) Private First Class Melvin Earl Newlin
 * 39) Lance Corporal Thomas P. Noonan, Jr.
 * 40) Corporal Robert Emmet O'Malley
 * 41) Lance Corporal Joe C. Paul
 * 42) Corporal William Thomas Perkins, Jr.
 * 43) Sergeant Lawrence David Peters
 * 44) Private First Class Jimmy W. Phipps
 * 45) Lance Corporal Richard Allen Pittman
 * 46) Captain Stephen Wesley Pless
 * 47) Lance Corporal William R. Prom
 * 48) First Lieutenant Frank Stanley Reasoner
 * 49) Sergeant Walter K. Singleton
 * 50) Corporal Larry Eugene Smedley
 * 51) Staff Sergeant Karl Gorman Taylor, Sr.
 * 52) Captain Jay R. Vargas
 * 53) Lance Corporal Lester W. Weber
 * 54) Lance Corporal Roy Mitchell Wheat
 * 55) Private First Class Dewayne T. Williams
 * 56) Private First Class Alfred M. Wilson
 * 57) Lance Corporal Kenneth L. Worley

Radio Career
Grauer began his acting career in radio, and soon became part of the broadcasting staff at the National Broadcasting Company. He was the main announcer for the NBC Symphony Broadcasts on radio and TV from 1937 until 1954. Arturo Toscanini said he was his favorite announcer.

In 1932, Grauer began covered the Olympic Games, presidential inaugurations, and international events. During his 40-year broadcasting career, he hosted over a dozen TV programs on NBC including game shows, quiz shows, concerts and news programs. Ben Grauer is best remembered as the host of NBC radio and televisions's annual New Year's Eve broadcasts Live from Times Square. For decades, these broadcasts were part of the NBC Tonight Show, where he worked not only with Johnny Carson, but his predecessors. He retired from NBC in 1973.

In the decade before his death, Grauer collected material for a projected history of prices and pricing, with special attention to book prices. He was active in several professional journalistic organizations as well as the Grolier Club. Grauer always had a great interest in the graphic arts, he even printed his own Christmas Cards.

Grauer died in New York City in 1977.

Child roles

 * His Woman (1919)
 * Mad Woman (1919)
 * The Idol Dancer (1920) .... as Native Boy (film directed by D.W. Griffith)
 * Annabel Lee (1921) .... David Martin, as a child
 * My Friend the Devil (1922) .... George Dryden, as a boy

Adult roles

 * Gaslight Follies (1945) .... Narrator, 'Stars of Yesterday'
 * Fight of the Wild Stallions (1947) .... Narrator
 * Kon-Tiki (1950) (voice) .... Narrator

Radio years (1930-1969)
Gauers greatest fame lies in his legendary 40-year career in radio. In 1930, at the age of 22, Grauer joined the staff at NBC. He quickly rose through the ranks, to become a senior commentator and reporter. He was the designated announcer for the popular 1940s Walter Winchell "Information Please." Perhaps, most importantly, he was selected by Arturo Toscanini to become the voice of the NBC Symphony Orchestra (Grauer took over in 1940 and remained until it was left the air in June 1954). Grauer did both the Toscanini radio and TV broadcasts. Several years after the death of Toscanini, Ben Grauer, together with the composer Don Gillis (who produced the NBC broadcasts from 1947-1954), created the Peabody Award-winning radio series: Toscanini, the Man Behind the Legend." It began in 1963 and continued through the centennial of Toscanini's birth in 1967. This series ran for nearly two decades on NBC and then other radio stations until the early 1980's. During his distingished radio career Grauer covered nearly every major historic event, including the Morro Castle fire, the Paris Peace Conference, and the U.S. occupation of Japan. Millions remember Ben Grauer for his NBC broadcast coverage of the New Year's celebrations on both radio and TV. Between 1951 and 1969 Grauer covered these events eleven times live from New York's Times Square. Radio shows:
 * Pot o' Gold (1939-1941): Considered the first "interactive" broadcast program. A popular game show hosted by Grauer. Horace Heidt and his Musical Knights played while Grauer asked listeners questions on the phone. It was this program that introduced the famous phrase: "Stop the Music."
 * Atlantic Spotlight (1940s): Grauer would chat across the Atlantic Ocean with BBC announcer in London.
 * Battle of the Sexes (1938): NBC quiz show
 * Information Please (1938-1952): NBC quiz show
 * Living (1948-1952): Host; Cast included Alexander Scourby and Art Carney
 * Sleep No More (1956-1957): NBC radio drama
 * What Would You Have Done?: NBC radio drama

Television years (1939-1973)
Ben Grauer provided the commentary for NBC's first television special, the opening of the 1939 New York World's Fair. Grauer, together with John Cameron Swayze, provided the first live television coverage of a the national political conventions in 1948. In 1956, NBC began broadcasting some of their shows in "Living Color".

In 1957, the animated Peacock logo made it's debut, with a musical score by Lou Garisto and the voice was Ben Grauer intoning the memorable words, "The following program is brought to you in living color on NBC." In addition to his reporting, commentating, and voice roles, Gauer hosted many popular radio and television programs including:

Television shows:
 * Americana (1947-1949): American history quiz show - host
 * The Ben Grauer Show(1950), also known as You Are An Artist: Learn to draw show with Jon Gnagy - host
 * The Big Story (1949-1957) Drama anthology (NBC)
 * Eyewitness (1947-1948): Documentary series on the history of television, including behind-the-scenes of broadcasting - host
 * In Town Today (1951) RCA variety specials, included Bob Hope showing off new TV sets
 * It's a Problem (1951-1952): A trio of experts discussing everyday living difficulties
 * Kay Kyser's Kollege of Music Knowledge (1949-1954): Musical quiz show
 * Lewisohn Stadium Concerts (1950): Concerts featuring the New York Philharmonic
 * March of Medicine (1958): Medical documentary series
 * The Sacco-Vanzetti Story (1960) Mini-series, narrated by Grauer
 * Say It With Acting (1949-1952): Game show, with teams from Broadway shows playing charades - host
 * Tactic (1959): Series, guest stars included Alfred Hitchcock and William Shatner
 * What Happened? (1952): Game show in which panelists had to find out why each guest was important - host
 * College of Musical Knowledge: Game show - announcer

Further reading/listening

 * Living Episode Guide, Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs. Accessed January 30, 2006
 * Ben Gauer interviews Eleanor Roosevelt, July 2, 1957, audio recording from C-SPAN. Accessed January 30, 2006