User:Eagle4000/Sandbox C

Military ordinariate articles

 * add the foll 2 sections to ea mil ordin page

Noncombatant status

 * See: Military chaplain

Fiction & literature portraying priests

 * See Priesthood (Catholic Church) (formatting codes in edit bx)

"Church"
WlaKom, I respectfully disagree when you say that my "corrections" of the Roman Catholic parishes and Roman Catholic churches categories "are wrong".

I agree with you when you say that "[p]arishes are not the same as churches" and that "Roman Catholic churches ... belong to parishes" and that a parish is part of the diocese.

It is also true, however, that at the local level many Catholics colloquially use the words "parish" and "church" interchangeably.

Like many words, the word "church" has many meanings. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) defines "church", in part, as follows: Regarding the last-quoted word in the preceding definition 3c for "church", the said dictionary defines "congregation", in part, as follows: As your message to me implied, we use the word "parish" to refer to the above definition of "congregation", i.e., "a religious community [such] as an organized body of believers in a particular locality". Thus, one of the many definitions of the word "church" is "parish", which is why many Catholics use the words interchangeably — not in the technical, canonical sense, but colloquially.
 * "Church. ... 3 often cap: a body or organization of religious believers: as a: the whole body of Christians b: DENOMINATION  c: CONGREGATION ...."
 * "Congregation. ... b: a religious community: as (1): an organized body of believers in a particular locality ...."

This interchangeable usage of the words "church" and "parish" is shown in the article on St. John's Catholic Church (Worcester, Massachusetts), whose lead paragraph starts, as follows: "St. John's Catholic Church, first established in 1834, is an historic Roman Catholic parish church in Worcester, Massachusetts. It is the oldest established Catholic religious institution in the city, and the oldest Catholic parish in New England outside of Boston." Later, however, in the article's section on Early establishment, it says: "After 2,000 parishioners had joined the church, a new building was needed. The current building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was constructed at number 44 Temple Street in 1845 and dedicated in honor of St. John in 1846." Also, one of the categories at the bottom of the article is Category:Religious organizations established in 1834. Thus, the author of this article on St. John's Catholic Church does not limit the word "church" to describe the actual church building, but also uses it to refer to the parish, as a "religious institution" and "religious organization" that parishioners can "join" (when the author states that "2,000 parishioners had joined the church (emphasis added)).

As you know, most parishes publish a weekly bulletin. Most Catholics refer to it as the "church bulletin", not the "parish bulletin". Also, most parishes describe themselves on the front page of the bulletin as "Church", e.g., "St. John's Catholic Church", not "St. John's Catholic Parish" (although some parishes do use the word "Parish" on their front cover).

In addition, the corporate name for most parishes (under civil law) uses the word "Church" instead of the word "Parish", e.g., "St. John's Catholic Church".

Because of the interchangeable usage of the words "parish" and "church", I wanted to somehow combine the two discrete categories into one overall category. To accomplish that, I decided to make one of the two categories in question a subcategory of the other, instead of either (1) changing the approximately 45 "churches" subcategories to "parishes" subcategories or (2) changing the 8 "parishes" categories to "church" categories.

The reason I chose to designate the 8 "parishes" categories as subcategories of the corresponding "churches" categories is that most Wikipedia editors appear to use the word "church" instead of "parish" for the title of the article and for categorization.

The 8 subcats in the Category:Roman Catholic parishes in the United States have the following number of pages: Polish-American Roman Catholic parishes (78 pages), CT (25), ME (2), MA (47), MI (1), NH (3), PA (1), RI (6). TOTAL: 163 pages.

The 45 or so subcats in the Category:Roman Catholic churches in the United States have the following number of pages: AL (8 pages), AK (2), AZ (3), AR (1), CA (76), CO (3), DE (6), FL (16), GA (5), HI (11), ID (1), IL (43), IN (5), IA (47), KY (13), MD (28), MI (27), MN (16), MO (11), NE (6), NV (2), NJ (3), NM (6), NY (73), NC (11), OH (59), OR (6), PA (41), SC (6), SD (4), TX (8), VT (9), VA (5), WA (3), WV (1), WI (22). TOTAL: 587 pages.

Although I agree that parishes are not the same as church buildings and that Roman Catholic church buildings belong to parishes, I hope the above explanation shows why I made the editing changes in the various categories. The result is that when a user looks at the Category:Roman Catholic churches in the United States, he or she will now have access to a combined total of approximately 750 pages (instead of only 587 pages) concerning Roman Catholic parishes/churches in the U.S.

May God continue to bless you and your loved ones. A fellow editor and Roman Catholic, Eagle4000 (talk) 07:18, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

Local church

 * Local church
 * Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.):
 * "Church. ... 3 often cap: a body or organization of religious believers: as a: the whole body of Christians b: DENOMINATION  c: CONGREGATION ...."
 * "Congregation. ... b: a religious community: as (1): an organized body of believers in a particular locality ...."

Miraculous Medal novena
ADD to Marian devotions:
 * Novena to Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal
 * Novena in Honor of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal. Association of the Miraculous Medal (Perryville, Missouri). Retrieved 2010-02-17.
 * Novena to Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal. Memorare.com. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
 * Novena of the Miraculous Medal. EWTN.com. Retrieved 2010-02-17.

Roman Catholicism
Wikipedia:WikiProject Catholicism (8/14/09). Re wholesale deletions of the word "Roman". All kinds of unintended consequences, errors, confusion, etc., could result. "Roman Catholic" is a valid term. Of the more than 1.1 billion Catholics in the world, more than 1 billion are Roman Catholic. The remaining 100 million (or so) are Eastern Catholics, who belong to one of the 22 Eastern Catholic Churches. Together, those 22 Churches and the Roman Catholic Church constitute the universal Catholic Church, which is a communion of 23 Catholic Churches. Depending on the context, it is appropriate to use "Catholic ", "Eastern Catholic", and/or "Roman Catholic" — not to mention "Maronite Catholic", "Byzantine Catholic", "Ukrainian Catholic", et al. The city of Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A., is the seat of two Catholic archdioceses: (1) the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia and (2) the Ukrainian Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia. Their archbishops are referred to canonically as (1) "archbishop of Philadelphia for the Latins" and (2) "archbishop of Philadelphia for the Ukrainians". Trying to adopt a one-size-fits-all policy is fraught with danger.
 * re Talk:Catholic Church: (draft) The CCC also states, at section 880: "When Christ instituted the Twelve, 'he constituted [them] in the form of a college or permanent assembly, at the head of which he placed Peter ....' Just as 'by the Lord's institution, St. Peter and the rest of the apostles constitute a single apostolic college, so in like fashion the Roman Pontiff, Peter's successor, and the bishops, the successors of the apostles, are related with and united with one another.' " Section 881 says: "The Lord made Simon alone, whom he named Peter, the 'rock' of his Church. He gave him the keys of his Church and instituted him shepherd of the whole flock. 'The office of binding and loosing which was given to Peter was also assigned to the college of apostles united to its head.' This pastoral office of Peter and the other apostles belongs to the Church's very foundation and is continued by the bishops under the primacy of the Pope." (Emphasis added.)

add to Catholic Church and politics in the United States

 * Joseph Rummel (October 14, 1876 - November 8, 1964) was bishop of the Diocese of Omaha, Nebraska (Mar. 30, 1928 - March 9, 1935) and archbishop of the Archdiocese of New Orleans (Mar. 9, 1935 -  November 8, 1964).

Rummel spent most of his tenure in New Orleans expanding the parochial school system. However, Rummel is perhaps best remembered for his controversial decision to desegregate the Archdiocese, including the Catholic schools. All of the Southern States, including Louisiana and the city of New Orleans, had been racially segregated by law since the failure of Reconstruction in the 1870s. Like the rest of the city, church parishes and schools within the Archdiocese were also segregated. The community had accepted segregation as a normal part of life.

The city of New Orleans has always had a large population of black Catholics. Previous archbishops, such as Archbishop Francis Janssens and Archbishop James Blenk, established dedicated schools for black children in an attempt to improve the educational opportunities of its black parishioners. But the segregated parochial school system suffered from the same problems with underfunding and low standards as the segregated public school system. No archbishop attempted to desegregate the Archdiocese until the Civil Rights Movement began after the end of the Second World War.

Once the movement did begin, Rummel embraced the cause of racial equality. He admitted two black students to the Notre Dame Seminary in 1948. He ordered the removal of "white" and "colored" signs from churches in 1951. That year, he opened Saint Augustine High School, the first high school dedicated to the higher education of young black men in the history of the Archdiocese. And in 1953, he issued "Blessed Are the Peacemakers", the pastoral letter that officially ordered the end to segregation in the entire Archdiocese:


 * "Ever mindful, therefore, of the basic truth that our Colored Catholic brethren share with us the same spiritual life and destiny, the same membership in the Mystical Body of Christ, the same dependence upon the Word of God, the participation in the Sacraments, especially the Most Holy Eucharist, the same need of moral and social encouragement,


 * let there be no further discrimination or segregation in the pews, at the Communion rail, at the confessional and in parish meetings, just as there will be no segregation in the kingdom of heaven."
 * Rummel, Most Reverend Joseph Francis.
 * "Blessed Are the Peacemakers." Pastoral letter 15.  1953.

The letter was read in every church in every parish of the Archdiocese. Some parishioners organized protests against the diocesan order. Rummel closed a church in 1955, when its members began protesting the assignment of a black priest to their parish. He issued another pastoral letter the following year, reiterating the incompatibility of segregation with the doctrines of the Catholic Church.


 * "Racial segregation as such is morally wrong and sinful because it is a denial of the unity and solidarity of the human race as conceived by God in the creation of Adam and Eve."
 * Rummel, Most Reverend Joseph Francis.
 * "The Morality of Racial Segregation." Pastoral letter.  Feb.  1956.

But most parishioners reluctantly accepted the desegregation of church parishes. The situation was very different for school desegregation. The United States Supreme Court issued its Brown v. Topeka Board of Education decision on May 17, 1954, declaring segregated schools unconstitutional and reversing all state laws which had established them.


 * We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.
 * Warren, Earl. Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
 * Brown v. Topeka Board of Education. May 17, 1954.

The Louisiana State Legislature promptly passed Act 555 and Act 556, protecting its segregated public school system from being dismantled by the Supreme Court. Both acts were rendered unconstitutional by Judge J. Skelly Wright, a federal judge from the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in New Orleans, in the case Earl Benjamin Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board on February 1956. Nevertheless, the Orleans Parish School Board and neighboring parish school boards vowed to postpone desegregating their public schools indefinitely.

Archbishop Rummel praised Brown v. Board of Education, but he was reluctant to desegregate his own parochial school system. He had announced his intention to desegregate the Catholic schools as early as 1956. However, most archdiocesan parish school boards had voted against desegregation. After Bush v. Parish School Board, some parents had transferred their students from public schools to parochial schools to avoid desegregation. A few local Catholics sent a petition to Pope Pius XII, requesting a papal decree supporting segregation. The papacy responded by describing racism as a major evil.

There was also a very real threat that the Louisiana State Legislature would withhold funding from parochial schools if they desegregated. The State of Louisiana funded free textbooks, reduced lunches, and free buses for all students in the state, even students attending parochial schools. This was a legacy of Huey Long's Share Our Wealth program, and it still exists to this day.

But by 1962, Judge Wright had issued a barrage of court orders neutralizing the Orleans Parish School Board's attempts at evading the Supreme Court. A handful of black students were already being admitted into previously all white public schools. Archbishop Rummel formally announced the end of segregation in the New Orleans parochial school system on March 27, 1962. The 1962-1963 school year would be the first integrated school year in the history of the Archdiocese.

White segregationists were outraged. Politicians organized "citizen's councils", held public protests, and initiated letter writing campaigns. Parents threatened to transfer their children to public schools or even boycott the entire school year. Rummel issued numerous letters to individual Catholics, pleading for their cooperation and explaining his decision. He even went so far as to threaten opponents of desegregation with excommunication, the most severe censure of the Church. The threats were enough to convince most segregationist Catholics into standing down. Nevertheless, some parishioners continued to organize protests.

On April 16, 1962, the Monday before Easter, he excommunicated three local Catholics for defying the authority the Church and organizing protests against the Archdiocese. The first of the three was Judge Leander Perez, 70, a parish judge from St. Bernard Parish, who called on Catholics to withhold donations to the Archdiocese and to boycott Sunday church collections. The second was Jackson G. Ricau, 44, political commentator, segregationist writer, and director of the "Citizens Council of South Louisiana". The third was Una Gaillot, 41, mother of two, housewife, and president of "Save Our Nation Inc.". The excommunications made national headlines and had the tacit support of the papacy.

A few months later, the 1963 school year began on September 1962. A handful of black students were admitted to previously all-white Catholic schools. Earlier threats of boycotts and mass student transfers to public schools never materialized. No violence took place between whites and the black students. Parents and students grudgingly surrendered to Rummel's decision, and racial segregation in the Archdiocese quietly faded from memory.

Ten Commandments

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Division_according_to_different_religions Ten Commandments
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_doctrine_regarding_the_Ten_Commandments#Numbering Catholic doctrine regarding the Ten Commandments : "The Old Testament refers to ten individual commandments,<refExodus 34:28 even though there are more than ten imperative sentences in the two relevant texts: Exodus 20:1–17 and Deuteronomy 5:6–21.  The Old Testament does not make clear how the texts should be divided to arrive at ten commandments. The division traditionally used by the Catholic and Lutheran churches was first derived by the Latin Church Father Augustine of Hippo (354–430) in his book Questions on Exodus.  Other Christian churches, such as the Eastern Orthodox and some Protestant churches, use a form established by the Greek Fathers. The two forms have slightly different numbering, but maintain the same substance.
 * Thus, the Catholic Church (started by Jesus and St. Peter, the first pope, ca. 33 A.D.) has utilized its numbering of the Ten Commandments at least since St. Augustine (354-430). During and after the Protestant Reformation (1500s), many of the new Protstant denominations changed the numbering. The Lutheran Church kept the Catholic numbering.