User:Ebrahimmohammed1982/Arabic Machine Translation

Arabic Machine Translation  is

Arabic machine Translation
Arabic is one of the major languages on which some experimentation in MT was made in the very early days of MT and specifically in the US.the language has always been considered due to its morphological, syntactic, phonetic and phonological properties one of the most difficult languages for written and spoken language processing. Up to now, it can be generalized that the quality of machine translation leaves much to be desired. But, especially in the case of Arabic, more work is still needed in the area of semantic representation systems without which it is difficult to achieve high quality translation. The Arabic language differs tremendously in terms of its characters, morphology and diacritization from other languages. therefore it is not always applicable to resort to solutions from other languages.

1. approaches for the study of machine processing of Arabic at large
1.2 “particularistic” approaches. 1.2 “universalist” approach.

2. Tips on the Arabic Language that help in working with translation Softwares
2.1 dealing with different dialects 2.2 Translating Arabic Sentences 2.3 Gender and Nouns 2.4 Display of Arabic Fonts in Windows 2.5 Arabic Keyboard Layout in Windows 2.6 Facts that help in Translation of Arabic

1.approaches for the study of machine processing of Arabic at large ==== 1.1 “particularistic” approaches. It delineates the linguistic idiosyncrasies of Arabic and use them for a local processing approach specific to the internal linguistic system of Arabic. They are concerned with the morphological and semantic aspects of Arabic language Sakhr is the only and foremost Arabic speaking group working systematically on Arabic using this approach

1.2 “universalist” approach It uses the methods already tried on other languages like English or French with or without adaptation.this approache focus on the syntactic aspects of the linguistic system in general. This approach is followed by most of the companies producing software application for Arabic.

2. Tips on the Arabic Language that help in working with translation Softwares 2.1 dealing with different dialects There are many Arabic dialects but two of the most important are Classical Arabic dialect, the language of the Qur'an, which is originally the dialect of Mecca in what is now Saudi Arabia, and an adapted form of this, known as Modern Standard Arabic. When it comes to the translation of Arabic text it uses "Modern Standard Written Arabic" this is the form used in books, newspapers and official documents. In conversation between educated Arabs from different countries, for example at international conferences and the United Nations, they may speak different dialects but the standard for the text is the "written" form which gives us a standard for translation. Systran uses this written form the Arabic to English and English to Arabic conversion. When working with translating software you can localize the translations by adding words and phrases to the dictionaries that can help increase the accuracy for your audience. Arabic dialects are generally classified into five major groups: a. Western countries Dialects (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Western Libya) b. Arabian Peninsula and Iraq Dialects. c. Levant Dialect. d. Egypt and Sudan Dialects. e. Sub-Saharan Arab country Dialect. 2.2 Translating Arabic Sentences In translating Arabic you should learn the sentence structure. The normal word order of a sentence is verb / subject / object. In Arabic, the adjective follows the noun it describes. The function of nouns in a sentence can also be distinguished by case-endings (marks above the last letter of a word) but these are usually found only in the Qur'an or school textbooks. Arabic uses five specific prepositions as verbs; the right order is preposition / noun / verb. This preposition is a verb with tense (past/present/future). In Arabic, a word is classified as one of three: a noun, a verb, and a preposition. There are simply no separate categories for adjectives, adverbs, etc.; all are fulfilled by either a noun or a verb, or in some cases, a preposition. For example, to say in Arabic the sentence "the man ran slowly", one would say in Arabic a sentence whose word-for-word translation is "the man ran with slowness", or "the man ran (with) a slowness". Similarly, the Arabic word for "quick" would be treated as a noun, thus it is more properly translated not as the English word "quick", but as the English phrase "quick one". Arabic uses an alphabetic system normally using symbols for only consonants and long vowels. There is a fairly close match between the written symbols and their phonemic, or linguistic function. Short vowels are typically not written even though much morphological and grammatical meaning is signaled by vowels. Because only roots and stems of an inflected word are written the reader has to infer its particular meaning from context. When vowels are symbolized, as in children's books or learners' manuals, super- and subscript diacritics are used. 2.3 Gender and Nouns Nouns in Arabic are either "masculine" or "feminine" in gender. You can usually tell if a noun if masculine or feminine by the ending, for example, most of the feminine nouns end with an "-ah" sound. There are exceptions to the rule therefore some proper nouns you will need to memorize to help figure out if they are masculine or feminine. An adjective must "agree" in gender with the noun it describes: If the noun is masculine, the adjective must be masculine. If the noun is feminine, the adjective must be feminine. You make the adjective feminine by adding the "-ah" sound at the end.

Display Arabic Fonts in Windows When you are doing English to Arabic conversion you will need to see the actual foreign language fonts. You can configure Microsoft windows to display Arabic fonts by changing your language settings. How to enable Arabic Fonts in Windows. 2.5 Arabic Keyboard Layout in Windows There are many keyboard layouts for people to be able to type in different languages. The standard English keyboard layout is known as QWERTY. You can type in Arabic on your keyboard by making some changes. Microsoft Language Support will help in doing this. 2.6 Facts that help in Translation of Arabic Arabic is written from right to left in a horizontal form. Arabic writing sits on the line. There are no capital letters in Arabic. Punctuation is similar to English except for comas which sit on the line instead of under the line. Arabic uses gender for all known nouns, no neutral ones. Space is left between words in a sentence. Some letters change shape depending on whether they are at the start, in the middle or at the end of the word. There are 29 letters in Arabic - with 3 letter sounds which do not even exist in the English language. in arabic the use of a small sign on the top or under the letter indicates the pronunciation.