User:Ebrasmussen/sandbox

For updating my article, I plan to adjust the opening sentence and add the missing citation. I also plan on linking several words that need definition or would be of interest to the reader to better understand the topic or related topics (ex: innovation). Some of the citations are not done properly or missing, so I plan to add those in. My overall goal is make the information flow better. Changes are in italics.

 Article Drafting: 

The Linear Model of Innovation is an early model of innovation that suggests technical change happens in a linear fashion from Invention to Innovation to Diffusion.

The Linear Model of Innovation was an early model designed for to understand the relationship of science and technology that begins with basic research that flows into applied research, development and diffusion 

It prioritises prioritizes scientific research as the basis of innovation, and plays down the role of later players in the innovation process.

Current models of innovation deriving derive from approaches such as Actor-Network Theory, Social shaping of technology and social learning ,provide a much richer picture of the way innovation works. Current ideas in Open Innovation and User innovation derive from these later ideas.

Also known as ‘Traditional Phase Gate Model’, under this model, product or services concept is frozen at early stage so as to minimize risk. Also innovation process in enterprise involves series of sequential phases/steps arranged in such a manner that the preceding phase must be cleared before moving to next phase. Thus a project must pass through a gate with the permission of gatekeeper before moving to the next succeeding phase.

''In the 'Phase Gate Model', the product or services concept is frozen at an early stage to minimize risk. Through enterprise, the innovation process involves a series of sequential phases arranged in a manner that the preceding phase muse be cleared before movie to the next phase. Therefore a project must pass through a gate with the permission of the gatekeeper before moving to the next succeeding phase.''

Criteria for passing through each gate,  and the person at each gate are is defined beforehand. The gatekeeper examines whether the stated objectives for the preceding phase have been properly met or not and whether desired development has taken place at during the preceding phase or not.

Two versions of the linear model of innovation are often presented:


 * 1) "technology push" model
 * 2) "market pull" model

From the 1950s to the Mid-1960s, the industrial innovation process was generally perceived as a linear progression from scientific discovery, through technological development in firms, to the marketplace. The stages of the "Technology Push" model are:


 * Basic science→Design and engineering→Manufacturing→Marketing→Sales

From the Mid 1960s to the Early 1970s, emerges the second-generation Innovation model, referred to as the "market pull" model of innovation. According to this simple sequential model, the market was the source of new ideas for directing R&D, which had a reactive role in the process. The stages of the "market pull " model are:


 * Market need—Development—Manufacturing—Sales.

The linear models of innovation supported numerous criticisms concerning the linearity of the models. These models ignore the many feedbacks and loops that occur between the different "stages" of the process. Shortcomings and failures that occur at various stages may lead to a reconsideration of earlier steps and this may result in an innovation. A history of the linear model of innovation may be found in Godin.

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Linear Model of Innovation:

After doing my best to find creditable relevant sources for Social Construction of Technology, to help improve the page, I had to change topics. I could not find the few sources even mentioned, let alone try to find the sources where some of the uncited information came from. My goal for Linear Model of Innovation is to help expand the page and find more sources to include since only the basics of this idea have been discussed on the wiki page. I also plan on editing the page to make it flow, fix a few citations, and add a few links.

Social Construction Editing:

For editing the Social construction of technology page, I hope to find more recent articles to provide more recent work. I hope to find about 4-5 creditable sources to add to the content, as well as the references. This article has a small but credible amount of sources, and by adding more articles that have more recent research, it will help strengthen the pages credibility. I would also like to edit the page to remove the warnings that make it sound/feel like an opinion article rather than a scholarly work. As I look through sources to help make this page more creditable, I wonder if this theory is even still referred by this name or if it has been absorbed into other works since I am having a hard time find specific sources. Below are the sources I plan to look deeper into to help this page:

Watkins, E. (2011). The Construction of a Construction of a Contraceptive Technology: An Investigation of the Meanings of Norplant. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 36(1), 33-54. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41149039

Klein, H., & Kleinman, D. (2002). The Social Construction of Technology: Structural Considerations. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 27(1), 28-52. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/690274

FULK, J. (1993). SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY. Academy Of Management Journal, 36(5), 921-950. doi:10.2307/256641

Griffin, E. A., Ledbetter, A., & Sparks, G. G. (2012). A first look at communication theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Fischer, C. (1987). Understanding Technology: An Agenda. Science, 238(4830), 1152-1153. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1700862

Tomlinson, A. (2010). structuration theory. In  (Ed.), A Dictionary of Sports Studies. : Oxford University Press,. Retrieved 17 Sep. 2018, from http://www.oxfordreference.com.proxy.foley.gonzaga.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780199213818.001.0001/acref-9780199213818-e-1092.

Article Evaluation:

As my practice article, I chose the Mount Vesuvius article. As I read through the article, I noticed that most of the information is rather accurate compared to my knowledge based off schooling for my bachelors in history. As for all historical material, the links and sources within this article could use a review to make sure the information is as up to date as possible. I also noticed that the 'physical appearance' section was rather small and I feel that more geographical information could be added to make that section more robust.