User:Ecoevergreen/Cicindela patruela

Cicindela patruela, the northern barrens tiger beetle, is a species of tiger beetle (family Cicindelidae) found in eastern North America. Due to their specific habitat requirements, populations of this species have declined significantly in several regions, including most of New England, Ontario, and Quebec.

Taxonomy
Cicindela patruela is a member of the large genus Cicindela. Two subspecies of C. patruela have been recognized:


 * Cicindela patruela patruela (Dejean, 1825) . Found throughout the range of C. patruela.
 * Cicindela patruela constenantea (Dejean, 1825) . Primarily found in the New Jersey pine barrens.

Description
Adult beetles are medium sized, often between 12 and 15 millimeters long. They are metallic green with white bands emerging from the radial field of their elytra. The middlemost band typically transverses the elytra. Cicindela patruela constenantea is black with ivory bands instead of green with ivory bands.

The larvae of this species resemble other Cicindela larvae, with a whitish body and a sclerotized head with large mandibles that are used to capture prey.

Life History
Cicindela patruela has a two year life cycle. Adults will mate and lay eggs during May and June, eventually dying by July. The eggs will hatch in july, where larvae will burrow underground. At this stage, larvae are carnivorous and will eat prey that pass by their burrow. Larvae will remain subterranean until the following spring, where they will emerge as adults.

Habitat
Cicindela patruela has very specific habitat requirements. They can be found in pine or oak barrens, savannahs dominated by pine and oak trees, and areas containing lichen, moss, and/or eroded sandstone.

Distribution
While this species has been found in multiple states and provinces across the east coast, they are not found throughout these regions, and are instead restricted to very small preserves and ecosystems. Cicindela patruela can be found in the New Jersey pine barrens, the Shawangunk mountains in New York, Pinery Provincial Park in southern Ontario, certain regions of the Appalachian mountains, the Valley-and-Ridge of Maryland, and other specific areas in the Northeast.

Conservation efforts
Cincindela patruela has been listed as “Vulnerable” by NatureServe. Several previously recorded populations of this species have declined significantly or have been fully extirpated throughout the east coast, particularly in Minnesota, New York, Maryland, Ontario, and Quebec. The species has not been reviewed by IUCN. In 2009, the government of Canada deemed the species endangered, and a recovery strategy for the beetle was released in 2021, intending to conserve and recover their populations in Quebec and Ontario.

The most prominent threat of extinction for Cicindela patruela is the suppression of natural groundfires. These seasonal fires lead to a more open habitat, which allows the beetle to hunt more effectively. When these fires are suppressed by human interference, this negatively alters their required microhabitat. Other threats impacting this species include human activities such as ATV usage, pesticides used to control invasive arthropods, and logging in certain areas.