User:Ectroth/sandbox

Citation and clarification for intro paragraph

(some of this paragraph was already on the page and i copied it here to thoroughly edit and incorporate my contributions: not all of this paragraph is mine)

Under United States law, pesticide misuse is considered to be the use of a pesticide in a way that violates laws regulating their use or endangers humans or the environment; many of these regulations are laid out in the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). The most common instances of pesticide misuse are applications inconsistent with the labeling, which can include the use of a material in any way not described on the label, changing dosage rates, or violating specific safety instructions. Pesticide labels have been criticized as a poor risk communication vehicle, leading some officials and researchers to question whether "misuse" is an appropriate term for what are often "unintended uses" resulting from a poor understanding of safety and application instructions. Other kinds of pesticide misuse include the sale or use of an unregistered pesticide or one whose registration has been revoked and the sale or use of an adulterated or misbranded pesticide. Under most jurisdictions, it is illegal to alter or remove pesticide labels, to sell restricted pesticides to an uncertified applicator, or to fail to maintain sales and use records of restricted pesticides.

Health effects
Pesticide misuse can lead to pesticide poisoning, the consequences of which range from mild skin irritations to seizure to death. The effects of poisoning vary drastically depending on dosage and levels of exposure. The types of pesticides most often present in poisonings are organophosphates and N-methyl carbamates, pyrethrin and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, and organochloride insecticides. Certain fumigants, nematicides, herbicides, and dipyridyls are also common in cases of pesticide poisoning.

Move example to a separate section? (added citation to existing example) “Exterminators Held in Use Of a Poison Inside Homes.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 17 Nov. 1996, www.nytimes.com/1996/11/17/us/exterminators-held-in-use-of-a-poison-inside-homes.html.

Detail health effects, O'Malley

Contributing Factors
Pesticide misuse occurs most frequently in developing countries and in countries with predominantly agricultural economies. Several factors contribute to pesticide misuse, but ecological researchers have found language barriers and illiteracy to be among the most common. Safety data sheets for pesticides are available in a variety of languages, but the farmers and agricultural workers who are responsible for pesticide application are often unable to read them. Limited education and a lack of proper training tend to be among the most significant contributing factors to improper handling and application of pesticides. The majority of agricultural workers and rural farmers in developing countries have received only a few years of primary education, which contributes to the illiteracy of these populations. Farmers in underdeveloped countries also frequently misuse pesticides due to improper training; however, Integrated Pest Management training has been shown to reduce rates of improper handling and application of pesticides.

Add hyperlinks where appropriate

Annotated Bibliography for reference:

Sapbamrer, Ratana. “Pesticide Use, Poisoning, and Knowledge and Unsafe Occupational Practices in Thailand.” New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental & Occupational Health Policy, vol. 28, no. 2, Aug. 2018, pp. 283–302. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1177/1048291118759311.

This article is from a peer reviewed journal on environmental and occupational health policy. The author discusses rates of exposure and effects of pesticides in Thailand, a predominantly agricultural economy. The article addresses the increases in pesticide use and increases in pesticide poisoning from 2012-2016. This would make a good source because in addition to the data it provides, it addresses rural farmers’ lack of understanding of proper pesticide use, a root cause of misuse.

Rother, Hanna-Andrea. “Pesticide Labels: Protecting Liability or Health? – Unpacking ‘Misuse’ of Pesticides.” Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, vol. 4, Aug. 2018, pp. 10–15. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.coesh.2018.02.004.

This article is from a peer reviewed journal on environmental science and health. The article attempts to define pesticide “misuse” and the factors that contribute to misuse such as language barriers and lack of knowledge of proper use.The author addresses the lack of a concrete and universal definition of misuse; pesticide misuse is generally defined as any use that is not explicitly stated on the label, which places all liability for misuse on farmers. This source will add to the working definition of pesticide misuse.

“Efforts to Prevent Misuse of Pesticides Exported to Developing Countries: Progressing beyond Regulation and Notification.” Ecology Law Quarterly, vol. 12, Jan. 1985, pp. 1025–1051. EBSCOhost, libezp.lib.lsu.edu/login?url= https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lft&AN=502178950&site=eds-live&scope=site&profile=eds-main.

This article is from an ecology law journal and discusses the economic, environmental, and human health impacts of pesticide misuse, especially in less developed countries. The author analyzes common forms of pesticide regulation as well as the difficulties of enforcing pesticide use legislation in developing countries. The article is from 1985, which speaks to the historical aspect of pesticide misuse and the ongoing nature of the problem. This source would also provide information on public policy methods of reducing pesticide misuse.

Gautam, Shriniwas, et al. “Impact of Training Vegetable Farmers in Bangladesh in Integrated Pest Management (IPM).” Crop Protection, vol. 102, Dec. 2017, pp. 161–169. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2017.08.022.

This study was published in a journal on crop protection. The study was designed to determine the effectiveness of integrated pest management training on farmers in Bangladesh. The study revealed that those farmers trained in IPM used lower volumes of pesticides and incorporated more integrated pest management techniques as well as experiencing higher crop yields. This source would help to outline measures to reduce pesticide misuse.

Akter, Mousumi, et al. “Vegetable Farmers’ Behaviour and Knowledge Related to Pesticide Use and Related Health Problems: A Case Study from Bangladesh.” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 200, Nov. 2018, pp. 122–133. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.130.

This article is from a journal on crop production. The researchers conducted a survey of rural farmers in Bangladesh in order to understand their knowledge of pesticide use and practices as well as their safety and protective habits. The study reveals that many of the farmers are illiterate and only received 5 years of primary education; many cannot even read the product labels. These farmers have been applying pesticides for 11 years on average, and only 19 percent ever received formal training. This article reveals some of the root causes of pesticide misuse, which the wikipedia page lacks.

O’Malley, Michael. “Clinical Evaluation of Pesticide Exposure and Poisonings.” Lancet, vol. 349, no. 9059, Apr. 1997, p. 1161. EBSCOhost, libezp.lib.lsu.edu/login?url= https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=9705021524&site=eds-live&scope=site&profile=eds-main.

http://libezp.lib.lsu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=9705021524&site=eds-live&scope=site&profile=eds-main

This article examines the medical and health effects of different groups of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc. on humans. These groups of chemicals are divided by type, and the known extent of their health effects are described. The author includes among the potential causes of pesticide exposure and poisoning pesticide misuse. This article will allow for elaboration on the health effects of pesticide exposure and therefore pesticide misuse.