User:Edelweisserika20000/Yurt

Юрта (тоже устаревшая. шатер) - переносное каркасное жилище с войлочным покрытием тюркских и монгольских кочевников.

Этимология
The most common meaning of the Turkic word "jurt" is "people", as well as — pasture, ancestral land. In the Kyrgyz and Kazakh languages the word "ATA-Zhurt" means "Fatherland" a synonym of the word "homeland", literally: "father's people". In modern Mongolian the word Yurt (ger) is synonymous with "home".In the Tuvan language Yurt is called "og", which when you add "-bule" will be the word "family". In the Kyrgyz language the Yurt is called "Boz UY" — "gray house", as usually felt for the Yurt of grayish hue, richly decorated yurts are covered with more expensive white felt and are called "AK UY" — "white house", in the Kazakh language the Yurt is called "kiiz UY", which literally means "house of the cat".

History
Perhaps the prototype of the Yurt in the late bronze age XII—IX centuries BC, were the dwellings Andronov. The most ancient visual images of the Yurt (or rather, camels loaded with details of the Yurt) came to the funeral figurines of the middle of the I Millennium ad from Northern China.Various material characterizing the development of the Yurt since the Mongol conquests of the XIII century is contained in Chinese, as well as Central Asian, Iranian and Turkish miniatures.

The structure of the Yurt is somewhat different for Turks and Mongols. Turkmen yurts have double-leaf wooden doors. In Kazakh and Kyrgyz yurts, felt canopies are often used instead of wooden doors.Double-leaf wooden doors were in Tatar yurts of the 1920s. Kazakh yurts are lower than Kyrgyz ones due to strong winds in the steppe. Mongolian, Buryat and Tuva yurts for direct ceiling poles even lower. Some ideas about mobile dwellings of ancient nomads give rock paintings.

Now yurts are used for tourist recreation. In this case, they can have a rich decoration.

The device of the Yurt and its Assembly
The Yurt fully meets the needs of the nomad due to its convenience and practicality. She quickly assembled and disassembled easily by one family for one hour.

It is easily transported on camels, horses or a car, its felt coating does not miss the rain, wind and cold. The hole at the top of the dome is used for daylight and allows you to use the hearth.

The main parts of the Yurt: kerege/rope (lattice folding walls), uuk/uyk (poles that make up the dome), tunduk/Shanyrak (the circle on the top of the dome holding the poles), ergene (door entrance), a felt mat that covers the whole structure.

Mongolian, Buryat, Kalmyk and Tuvan yurts have a couple of props in the center to maintain a low arch. Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Turkmen and Bashkir yurts do without props at the expense of a higher arch. The Yurt is still used in many cases by cattle breeders of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia because of its practicality. The peculiarity of the Yurt is that it allows you to easily adjust the illumination and ventilation.

The smoke coming out through an open tunduk/Shanyrak — lattice circle/hole in the center of the dome, not filling the room. It also serves as a day for lighting, and at night it is easily covered (enough to pull the harness), which allows you to keep warm. In hot weather can raise up the side of the felt Mat, in this case, the Yurt is easily ventilated from either side through the trellis wall (kerege), allowing people to sit in the cool breeze of the shade.

The place of honor in the Yurt (tor), where the dear guests are put, is located right in front of the entrance, next to a slide of chests and bedding, standing on a stand-bug.

The Mongolian Yurt is usually oriented on the North — South axis. The entrance is on the South side. The side of the Yurt, where the altar with the image of gods is kept, is in the North. There is a hearth in the center of the Yurt.

Inside the Yurt is divided into two halves. The Mongols East — women and West men. On the male half — closer to the door, that is closer to the ground — is the bed of the owners. Here hangs a man's weapons, horse harness, talismans. On the female — maiden — bed of the bride — daughter of the owner. Below — to the door — a cupboard, a stupa for whipping koumiss — a symbol of prosperity. This half is guest.

Current state
In modern conditions of tourism development in Central Asia, many people develop Yurt tourism, for example, many guests of Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia can live for some time in the yurts of nomads. This type of holiday has been transformed into a separate direction of tourism — Jailoo tourism. In many cities you can find restaurants or tourist sites with stylized or natural yurts.

In Tuva yurts are used as tourist facilities: two yurts stand directly in front of the National Museum of the Republic of Tyva "Aldan-maadyr". In the town of Aldyn Bulak there is an ethnotouristic center of the same name, made in the Tuvan style with yurts and tents, where there are all the amenities of modern life. And also all over Tuva in tourist places you can find yurts.

On the territory Of the Altai mountains, tourists can stay in Yurt campsites, as well as in the yurts of shepherds directly on pastures. It should be noted that traditional yurts can be found only in the southern regions of the Republic. In Ulagan and Kosh Agach aimaks, in the areas of residence of the Kazakh and Telengit population, authentic yurts are installed for tourists. In the more Northern areas, travel agencies establish non-authentic imitations of nomadic dwellings.

Yurt in Toponymy
In Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechnya "Yurt" is one of the bases of the names of settlements: Upper Yurt, Babayurt, Kizilyurt, knife-Yurt, Tolstoy-Yurt, Khasavyurt. These names are most likely given by the Turkic inhabitants of the North Caucasus, perhaps Nogais and Kumyks.

Also in the Irkutsk region there is a railway station and an urban-type settlement of the Yurt. There are other settlements with this name (see Yurts) in areas where Turkic-speaking peoples or Cossacks lived.

Yurt in architecture
In Alma-ATA, the shape of a Yurt has a restaurant "Aul", a circus building and other cultural objects.

In 2015, the world's largest building was built in the Turkmen city of Mary, stylized as a Yurt for 3000 people, with a diameter of 70 meters and a height of 35 meters.

In the Kyrgyz city of Osh at the foot of Sulaiman-Too mountain there is a structure in the form of a Yurt "AK-Orgo". The diameter of the stylized Yurt is about 17 meters. Initially it was a shop of national Souvenirs, later a wedding photo Studio. In the nearby Park there is a three-tiered Yurt made to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the epic "Manas". At the moment it is used as an ethnographic Museum.