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Hormonal Regulation of Lipid Metabolism
Lipid metabolism is tightly regulated by hormones to ensure a balance between energy storage and utilization.


 * Insulin: promotes lipid synthesis, inhibiting lipid breakdown, and facilitating glucose transport and conversion into fatty acids.
 * Glucagon: stimulates fatty acid oxidation and inhibits de novo fatty acid synthesis, reducing VLDL release and hepatic steatosis.
 * Thyroid Hormone: promotes hepatic triglyceride synthesis, enhancing lipolysis, stimulating mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, and regulating cholesterol levels through various mechanisms, including LDL receptor expression and bile acid excretion.
 * Sex Hormone:
 * Estrogen: decreases triglyceride synthesis and enhances HDL cholesterol levels, potentially through promoting fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting lipogenesis.
 * Testosterone: stimulates de novo lipogenesis and fat accumulation which are then incorporated to triglycerides for energy storage.
 * Adrenaline: stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis via AMPK phosphorylation, influencing lipid turnover and accumulation in adipose tissue.