User:Egberts/Deaf history

This page describes the history of relations or impacts to people recognized as having different hearing capabilities.

The scope of this page is limited to only single-sentence examination of the sequence of notable "first-time" Deaf-related events. Otherwise, for analysis of such Deaf-related historical events, and attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events,, see Category:Deaf history.

=Early Deaf history=

Jewish
1000 B.C. - The Torah protects the deaf from being cursed by others, but does not allow them to participate fully in the rituals of the Temple. Special laws concerning marriage and property were established for deaf-mutes, but deaf-mutes were not allowed to be witnesses in the courts.

Greek and Roman Empire
c. 360 B.C. Socrates quoted by Plato in “Cratylus” mentions the deaf who express themselves in gestures movement, depicting that which is light or a higher sphere by raising the hands or describing a galloping horse by imitating its motion.

c. 364 BC - Aristotle asserted that “Deaf are born incapable to reason” and that "Aristotle’s harmful idea that the blind were more intelligent than the deaf"

c. 44 BC Quintus Pedius is the earliest deaf person in recorded history known by name.

96-135 AD Saint Ovidius is the patron saint of curing auditory disease.

Galen, a Greek physician from Pergamon 131 AD. “Speech and hearing share the same source in the brain…”

c. 370 AD St. Augustine was exposed to Manichaeism and Neoplatonism in his early life, which may have influenced his belief that when St. Peter said "faith cometh by hearing" , the Deaf were incapable of being taught the Christian faith and therefore incapable of achieving redemption.

Byzantine Empire
In Justinian Code, Emperor Justinian deduced that deaf and mute are two different traits and are not always together. This insight is spelled out for Byzantine citizens with deafness, with limited rights. (in Latin).

Early Middle Ages
St. John of Beverley in England during 700 AD purported to restored speech in a deaf boy by making signs of a cross across the tongue and taught him to speak the alphabet.

European Renaissance
Teresa de Cartagena, 15th Century Spanish nun who had become late-deafened, was exceptional in her time in confronting her disability and gaining fame as a religious writer (and is nowadays reckoned as one of the earliest feminist writers).

In 1547, Juan Fernández Navarrete, first royal deaf painter, Spain.

In 1550s, Pedro Ponce de León is credited as the first teacher of the deaf history. Pedro Ponce successfully taught some deaf pupils in Spain to speak, read, and write; and it is assumed that his methods were followed by Juan Pablo Bonet, who, in 1648, published the first book on the subject in England. This gave rise to a wider interest in the education of the deaf in Europe.

In 1640s, George Dalgarno proposed a totally new linguistic system for use by deaf mutes, of which is still in used today in United States.

Around 1664, Thomas Willis discovered the role of the cochlea in relation to hearing.

Johannes Bohn (1640-1718) refuted the theory that deaf and dumbness was caused by a connection of facial and aural nerves.

Both William Holder and John Wallis, an English mathematician, taught a deaf man to speak 'plainly and distinctly, and with a good and graceful tone.'

Martha's Vineyard Sign Language got Deaf America's signing root established in Massachusetts as early as the 18th century.

Private tutor for deaf individuals from wealthy families.

Before 1817
Johann Konrad Ammann, Switzerland and Holland. Father of speech method. (Oralism)

Henry Baker, a naturalist, devised a method of teaching to the deaf and dumb.

Thomas Braidwood, an educator, established the Braidwood Academy, first school for the deaf in Britain.

Germany…

Ferdinand Berthier, French intellectual, published several articles, first deaf person to receive the French Legion of Honor, founder of world's first deaf organization France…

In 1755, Abbe Charles-Michel_de_l'Épée of Paris founded the first free school for the deaf with sign language as a method of communication. This model of deaf school concept spread all over the European countries for the next hundred years. (33 schools established with this model)

In 1778, Samuel Heinicke of Leipzig Germany, promoted Oralism, a method of teaching deaf children spoken and written language through speech and lip-reading exclusively without use of sign language.

=Golden Age= Jean Massieu, first Deaf teacher at Royal Academy for the Deaf, Paris, France Laurent Clerc, second Deaf teacher and was very intelligent and fluent in sign language and written French.

Thomas Gallaudet saw the need of education for deaf children. He went to Europe and brought Laurent Clerc, a deaf teacher from deaf school in Paris, to America to start a deaf school together in 1817.

Laurent Clerc, French-American, learned the old ASL used by deaf people in America and combined it with LSF (French Sign Language). Eventually, he standardized the sign system at the school into modern ASL as we know it today. 1817-1880 considered the gold age of Deaf people. First deaf teacher of the deaf in America

1817- American School for the Deaf, Conn.

1818- New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb.

John Brewster Jr. (1766–1854), American, itinerant artist of the Federalist Period in America.

Pierre Desloges, French deaf writer and bookbinder, first known deaf person to publish a book

1820- Pennsylvania School for the deaf.

1823- Kentucky School for the Deaf. First school supported by the state.

1839- Virginia School for the Deaf and Blind. First school to integrate deaf and blind students.


 * Laura Bridgman, (1829–1889), American, first deaf-blind student of Dr. Samuel Howe at the Perkins School for the Blind

1864- Gallaudet University in Washington DC. chartered by Abraham Lincoln became the first deaf university to offer degrees.

Later on, almost every state have school for the deaf…


 * Julia Brace (1807–1884), early American deaf-blind student at the Hartford School for the Deaf

=Era B= Alexander Graham Bell and the spread of Oralism took a strong grip on deaf education in American and all over the world in 1880’s.

1880,the World Congress of the Educators of the Deaf met in Milan, Italy and passed a resolution to promote Oralism in deaf education all over the world and dismiss all deaf teachers out of deaf schools.

Germany’s influence on France. During 1960s, Paul Taylor made TDD possible, which brings the communication distance closer between deaf people.

See also
 * User:Egberts/Deaf history of the United States
 * User:Egberts/Deaf history of the United Kingdom
 * User:Egberts/Deaf history of Canada
 * User:Egberts/Deaf history of New Zealand

=See also= =References=
 * History of sign language
 * Deaf_culture
 * American_Sign_Language

Sweden: SIH Laromedel, National Swedish Agency for Special Education, 1993.
 * Eriksson, Per. The History of Deaf People, 1993. http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/ladner/DeafStudies/lectures2009/lecture2.pdf
 * http://archives.gallaudet.edu/Timeline.htm
 * Eriksson, Per, The History of Deaf People: A Source Book. (Translated from Swedish)
 * Gannon, Jack, Our Deaf Heritage.
 * American annals of the deaf, Volumes 56-57, Page 108, By Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf, Conference of Superintendents and Principals of American Schools for the Deaf, Conference of Executives of American Schools for the Deaf, Conference of Educational Administrators Serving the Deaf, Project Muse
 * Deaf liberation theology, by Hannah Lewis
 * W. Holder, ‘Of an experiment, concerning deafness’,Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society3 (1668), 665–8

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