User:Egologorsky/Gołogóry

Gołogóry (Ukrainian: Гологори) is a village, formerly a town, in the Lviv oblast (province) of the Ukraine in the historical region of Galicia. It is located 31.7 miles east of the regional capital Lviv and had 658 inhabitants in 2006.

Geography
According to the Geographical Dictionary of the Polish Kingdom and other Slavic countries, Volume II (Derenek — Gżack), published 1881, Gołogóry is a town in the Złoczów raion (district) located 3 miles to the west of the Zlotshev mountains in a highland area marked by hills ranging from 380 to 450 meters tall (approximately 1,250 to 1,500 feet) with steep slopes and numerous ravines. At least one river has its source in the village and the surrounding land contains large wooded areas. The north side of Gołogóry has a steep edge that rises sharply from the lowlands further north, cutting a clear line. The ruins of Castle Gołogórach lie atop a hill with very steep slopes.

Population
From 1880-1902, the residents numbered 2,507, including 636 Roman Catholics; the rest were Greek Catholic and Jewish. Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic parish had been established. [1].

Etymology
The name Gołogóry is Polish. Poland had control over this area of Galicia only sporadically for several decades in the 1000s and did not retake it from the Magyars until 1349. Given that a village has existed on the spot since at least the 1100s, there are two possible origins for the name: (1) the Poles founded the village or (2) renamed an existing village. If the Poles did rename an existing village, it is likely they would have given it a name with the same meaning that it had in the previous form.

The name Gołogóry has two Polish roots: (1) the Polish adjective goły, meaning 'naked' or 'bare'; and (2) the Polish noun góra, which means 'mountain'. The Polish adjective górski means mountainous, referring to highlands or uplands. The ending -y makes the noun plural, e.g., Góry Bialskie (the Bialsky Mountains), thus rendering Gołogóry as "Bare Mountains". This likely refers to the Zlotshev mountains 3 miles east of the town or, more generally, the hilly character of the region, which is a highland extension of the Carpathian mountains 60 miles to the southwest. The name Gołogórski means "from Gołogóry" and was used interchangeably with z Gołogór (-ski [male], -ska [female], -scy [plural]) and the Latinized de Golegori. The Polish noble family Gołogórski also used the last name Gołogórskich.

The accented Polish letter ó is pronounced like “oo” in English “boot”, with rounded lips. This pronunciation was retained in English maps that used only unaccented letters by replacing the accented ó with a U; the town is labeled Gologury in most English maps of the 1800s (and, much less frequently, Gologory).

Spelling Variations:

History
The village by the name of Gołogóry already existed by the 1100s. The first mention of a castle of Gołogóry dates to 1231. In 1452, the Polish noble Mikołaja z Gołogór (Gołogórski) built Castle Gołogórach. Gołogóry was the forward-most castle defense town of Lviv. By horse-driven cart, it would have taken 4-6 hours to travel between Gołogóry and Lviv, depending on the load and urgency of pace. The earliest records of Gołogóry belonging to the Polish aristocratic family Gołogórski date to 1461.

During the Second Republic, it was the seat of the rural Gołogóry district in the Zloczow Ternopil province. At this time, Gołogóry was inhabited by Poles and Ruthenians (a total of 2,482 people according to the census of 1857). The Roman Catholic parish and Catholic ex. 2,480 residents in 1929, according to the "Book Address Polish".


 * The village of Gołogóry was established no later than the 1100s, at which time the region was under the control of the Magyars.
 * The region came under the control of the Kingdom of Poland in 1349 during the reign of Kazimierz III Wielki.
 * A document from Kołodno, Poland, dated October 3, 1389 states that King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland granted to Mikołaj z Gołogóry (Nicolaus from Gołogóry), a Polish noble, title to two Russ villages, Vyeczin and Czemierzince, for serving in campaigns with a spearman and four archers. This Mikołaj's grandfather, Mikołaj Gołogórski, was Chamberlain of Львiв (Lwów/Lviv/Lemberg) during the reign of Kazimierz III Wielki (1333-1370).
 * In 1452, the Polish noble Mikołaja z Gołogór (Gołogórski) built Castle Gołogórach.
 * Gołogóry is mentioned in documents from 1461 and was owned by the local Polish noble family Gołogórskich (variously Gołogórski, or in Latin, de Golegori, Gologorsky).
 * In the 17th and 18th centuries, Gołogóry was known in local markets for its livestock, including horses.
 * In the middle of the the 18th century, the owner of Gołogóry was the Polish noble Mikołaj Bazyli Potocki, who was master of the Buczacz castle and city 56 miles southeast of Gołogóry.
 * In 1772, the region of Galicia came under the control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This lasted until 1918, when it reverted to Poland.
 * In 1895, the Baron Hirsch founded a private Jewish school, which acquired the status of a state school in 1901. It was attended by both Jews and students of other faiths. Children in the classes helped pay for tuition producing such things as pails, tubs, and buckets. The school existed until 1939.
 * Before WWII, Gołogóry had a population of nearly 3,000.
 * In the summer of 1942, all the Jews in Gołogóry were deported to the ghetto in Zloczow.
 * During the night of March 30 to 31, 1944, the militia UPA attacked the Polish farms and killed 28 people, burning all buildings.
 * In the summer of 1945, Soviet soldiers blew up the church and demolished the castle ruins.



Jews In Gołogóry
Jews are recorded as inhabiting the nearby city of Lviv since at least 1256. A Lviv office record from 1486, written in Latin, mentions the Jews of the Busko, including Iacob de Busko, son of Moyses Iudeus de Golegori, residing permanently in Gołogóry (see image on the right). Busko is a town 15 miles north-northwest of Gołogóry. The earliest mention of Jews living in Gołogóry date to 1470.

According to Pinkas Hakehillot: Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities: Poland vol. 2: Eastern Galicia, published in Jerusalem in 1980: In 1765, there were 498 Jews living in Gołogóry, plus 133 in the neighboring towns. In 1880, there were 1,216 Jews living in Gołogóry out of a total population of 2,766. By 1900, the town had 3,083 inhabitants, of whom 1,130 were Jews. The town's population peaked in 1912 Gołogóry 3,300 residents, including 600 Poles and 1,500 Ruthenians (Ukrainians), and 1,200 Jews. By 1921, that number had dropped to 505 Jews out of 2,447 inhabitants. The 575 Jews remaining in the town in January 1942 were expelled or killed by the Nazis in November of that year.



Life in Galicia, particularly for Jews, was miserable under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which controlled Galicia from 1772 until 1918. See Poverty in Austrian Galicia and the History of the Jews in Galicia (central Europe).

Monuments

 * Two Greek Catholic churches.
 * Roman Catholic Church (founded in 1452, destroyed by fire in 1648, renovated in the late 17th century). In 1766, it burned again. Fell into disrepair in 1828 , the and ustracił nature of Gothic. Today presents itself as a typical Podola church baroque of slender proportions of Gothic and highly placed windows that testify to the former fortified the church.
 * Castle ruins [2] - remains in the north-eastern part of the city from the fifteenth century, on the slope of a fairly steep hill. It is known that the castle in its heyday made ​​a quadrangular building with four towers in the corners, and was one of the oldest castles in Red Ruthenia . In the fifteenth century the family nest Gołogórskich . During the invasions of Tatars, played an important strategic role. During the wars of the Cossack and Turkish in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries repeatedly destroyed. As a complete ruin, in the year 1792 from the family Starzyńskich OO monastery acquired it. Dominicans in Pidkamin . During the nineteenth century, the castle was demolished in large part to the material. Opposite the ruins of the castle on the hill you can see a stone statue of St. Mark on the pole, under which according to legend is buried chan tartar.

People From Gołogóry

 * Jan Sienieński - Polish Roman Catholic Archbishop of Lwów in the late 1500s.
 * Piotr Ferensowicz - Polish singer and conductor, born 1940.
 * Ryszard Zub - Polish swordsman and three-time Olympic medalist, born 1934.