User:Ehoffma3/Parco nazionale delle Cinque Terre

The Cinque Terre National Park is a protected area inducted a national park in 1999, located in Liguria in the province of La Spezia, and includes, in addition to the territory of the three towns of Cinque Terre (Riomaggiore, Vernazza and Monterosso al Mare), a portion of Common Levanto (Punta Mesco) and La Spezia (Campiglia Sunsets).

The park can be divided into two parts: the National Park and the Marine Protected Area.

Description of the Park
The Cinque Terre National Park was established on October 6, 1999 in recognition of the territory's considerable scenic, agricultural, historical and cultural value. The Cinque Terre National Park and Protected Marine Area aim to protect cultural heritage. This is the first Italian Park created to safeguard a landscape that has been mostly built by man. To achieve its objectives, the Park Organization encourages the development of responsible tourism, able therefore to invest in the identity of the places and the territory's products, and thus save its immense heritage of terracing, now endangered.

The Park protects a coastal area where man has created a stable life and mutual coexistence between self and nature. The villages are terraced with dry stone walls in a coastal environment typically Mediterranean where the mountains of 'Appennino Ligure come straight to the sea, creating a unique environment.

The climate is typically Mediterranean with dry summers and mild winters.



Flora
Even the Mediterranean flora are obvious features, there are many microclimates often different from each other which created a huge variety of landscapes. There are pine, Aleppo pine, corks and Chestnut. Rock and coastal environments produce numerous Mediterranean species such as samphire and sea Cineraria. Flora is visible everywhere even as shrub Rosemary, Thyme, Helichrysum and Lavender. Also present are several species of trees and Succulents clearly visible from many trails.

Fauna
The environment is conducive to the development of life and habitat of several animal species. Among the birds are the Gull, thePeregrine Falcon and the Raven. Among the mammals are the Dormouse, weasel, mole, rate, marten, fox and wild boar (whose presence is resented for damage to crops). The reptiles that thrive in the rock are the wall lizard, the lizard and various snakes such as the rat snake, the grass snake of Aesculapius and the viper; around streams live amphibians like frogs and salamanders.

How to reach the Park
Cinque Terre National Park is located on steep cliffs and terrain which can be hard to access. One of the five towns, Manarola is made up of sloping walking paths and steps. No cars, no taxis are allowed inside, except small ones for delivery or green electric buses just along the main road; cars may be parked outside the built up area and the heart of the town either alongside the road or at the payment park, which is managed by the National Park.

Train
Given the relatively inaccessible location of countries and the structural lack of roads and parking areas, access is much easier by railway. The railway stations of the Cinque Terre are located on the line Tyrrhenian Genoa - Roma.

Whether you are coming from the north or south, you should get off at the station La Spezia Centrale, where all other intercity and long distance trains stop, and then take the regional trains. The routes are very frequent, especially during the summer.

By car
To get to Riomaggiore exit at La Spezia-S.Stefano Lean on Take the A12, coming from Genoa or Livorno or on the motorway A15 coming from Parma. Crossing the city, take the SP370 (formerly SS 370) the Cinque Terre coast road and after about fifteen minutes you are close to the junction that leads down to Riomaggiore. Follow the road which drops to Manarola then Corniglia, Vernazza and finally Monterosso al Mare.

An alternative may be to exit at Levanto - Carrodano on A12 Highway, arrive in the Levantine country and undertake the climb to Passo term where there is a crossroads that connects Monterosso to Levanto Pignone. From there you can take the SP370 in the direction opposite to the previous description.



In all the Cinque Terre most parking lots are reserved for residents and the availability of parking is limited, due to lack of adequate space. Because of this aspect of the descent to the villages can be possible only on foot. However, there is an electric bus service operated by the National Park that in periods of greatest tourist influx provides for the connection of villages with the coast road.

From the sea
During the tourist season a boat service runs a regular schedule through the villages of Monterosso al Mare, Vernazza and Riomaggiore to Portovenere, in turn connected with the La Spezia and Lerici.

On Foot
There are two main paths that reach and cross the National Park of Cinque Terre.

The first is the number 1 ridge, known as the Alta Via delle Cinque Terre. This old path runs along the divide separating the coast of Cinque Terre from Val di Vara and is a secondary branch of the Ligurian Alta Via dei Monti, which connects with the Monte Zatta. From the ridge you can then reach the villages of the Cinque Terre.

Most important, from west to east, are the routes number 9, 8, 7, 6, 02, 01 and 3. There is the coastal path number 2, known as the Blue Trail, which connects Riomaggiore to Monterosso al Mare through all the villages of the Cinque Terre and taking in the stretch between Riomaggiore and Manarola, the appearance of the famous Street of Love.

Unlike that of the ridge, the coastal trail is subject to payment of an entrance fee imposed by the National Park.



Natural Protected Marine Area of Cinque Terre
The coast along the Cinque Terre is characterized by high cliffs, caves, bays, tiny beaches and cleft rocks. Marine life in the stretch of the coast which extends from Punta Mesco at Monterosso to Capo Montenegro at Riomaggiore is rich and varied. The steep faces of the cliffs under water and the shallows and isolated rocks are populated by various kinds of gorgonia (sea fans), such as the colorful Leptogorgia sarmentosa and the white Eunicella verrucosa, a rare species in the Mediterranean, but fairly common along this part of the coast. The Posidonia oceanica, a plant that creates very important grass-like colonies, grows here and provides a safe habitat for the reproduction of many organisms. The steep rock faces of Punta Mesco and Capo Montenegro have the richest forms of marine life including rare species: the Eunicella verrucosa mentioned above, the rare Gerardia savaglia, or black coral. At a depth of only about 15/20 meters at Punta Mesco, unlike the rest of the Mediterranean, it is possible to discover the fans of the Paramuricea clavata or red gorgonia.

Cinque Terre is also populated with dolphins. This part of the sea is included in the Cetacean Sanctuary, an international protected area where marine mammals can be found.

Administration
The Cinque Terre are composed of five countries: from West to East:


 * Monterosso al Mare (common)
 * Vernazza (common)
 * Corniglia (village of Vernazza)
 * Manarola (village of Riomaggiore)
 * Riomaggiore (common)

Other municipalities whose territory is part of the Cinque Terre National Park:


 * Levanto
 * La Spezia