User:Ehsan Zahedniya/sandbox

The diplomacy of the Caspian littoral states, is trying to prevent any crisis in the caspian region and build trust and goodwill to reach a stationary agreement, as well as to boost the bargaining power of governments in the region. The geopolitics of the Caspian Sea also leads to the diplomacy of the Caspian Sea, this is means that, the regional issues of the Caspian littoral states make it important to resolve issues and problems within the framework of the diplomacy of the Caspian littoral states. Also, in general, the important mission of diplomacy of the Caspian littoral states is; Establish, design and amend regional and international rules in the structure of the world system and the Caspian littoral states.

The littoral states of the Caspian Sea include five countries: the Islamic Republic of Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Azerbaijan. These governments are using all facilities at their disposal, such as hard power, soft power and smart power, to achieve hard security, soft security and smart security.

Processes
The diplomatic processes of the Caspian littoral states can be classified into different levels, which include summits in the following years and situations:

1/Treaty of Turkmenchay 1828

2/Ashgabat 2002

3/Tehran 2007

4/Baku 2010

5/Astrakhan 2014

6/Nur-Sultan 2017

7/Aktau 2018

History of diplomatic processes in Caspian Sea
1. The first process of diplomacy in the Caspian Sea was related to the Turkmenchay Treaty, which resulted in the deprivation of Iran's right to have a military ship in the Caspian Sea.

2. The first summit of the Caspian Sea Summit was hold in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, in April 2003. The items included: combating environmental pollution in the Caspian Sea as well as ways to protect water of the largest lake in the world.

3. The next summit of the five Caspian littoral states was hold in Tehran, the capital of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which ended with the signing of the Caspian Environment Convention. This document was the first legal document related to the Caspian Sea, which was approved and implemented by the legislatures of the five littoral states of the Caspian Sea. The meeting also agreed on the general principles of fisheries and protection of the Caspian Sea, as well as the transport of ships from littoral countries in the Caspian sea. Another item on the agenda was a memorandum of understanding on security and military co-operation aimed at fighting against terrorism and extremism.

4. The third meeting was hold on November 18, 2010 in Baku. The result was the signing of the Security and Military Cooperation Agreement as the second legal document after the Caspian Environment Convention.

5. The fourth summit of the five littoral states of the Caspian Sea was hold in 2014 in Astrakhan, situated in the Russian Federation. three agreements were the result of this meeting: 1. Protection and optimal use of water resources, 2. weather, 3. Prevention and response to emergencies.

6. At the Astana Summit, which held at the foreign ministers level in 2017, five Caspian littoral governments shared their views on the Caspian Sea. Although the foreign ministers of the five Caspian littoral countries had sufficient authority to co - ordinate some parts of the Caspian Sea Convention, but disagreement on some key issues caused confusion, and the summit failed and adjourn to next year; the summit of Aktau, 2018. Some of those issues: the division of the Caspian Sea into national sections, the construction of pipelines across the seabed and the navigation situation in the Caspian Sea.

7. The sixth meeting was hold in 2018 in Aktau, a coastal city on the Caspian Sea in Kazakhstan. In fact the summit was an agreement on the forms of exploiting the Caspian Sea, as well as defining the water and coastal boundaries of the Caspian Sea, between the five littoral states of the Caspian Sea. This agreement has 24 articles. Some of the provisions of the articles of this meeting are as follows: Article 1 of the agreement signed at this meeting states: The presence of a warship belonging to the peacekeeping forces must have the insignia of one of the five littoral states of the Caspian Sea and be under the command of an officer formally appointed by the government of that ship. According to Article 2 of this Agreement: The Parties to this Convention; Sovereignty, sovereign rights, monopoly as well as jurisdiction will be exercised in the Caspian Sea. This Convention sets out the rights and obligations of the Parties with regard to the use of the Caspian Sea, including its waters, bed, subsoil, natural resources and airspace above the sea. Article 5 also states: The Caspian Sea water area is divided into inland waters, territorial waters, fishing areas and the common sea area.

The issue of energy and its transmission lines
After the Middle East, the Caspian Sea is in second place in the importance of energy resources, but the high number of cases and security problems in the Middle East and the consequent decline in investment in the Middle East have led to focus on the Caspian Sea geopolitical region and its energy resources.

The available information says that the oil resources of the Caspian Sea are in the second place after the Persian Gulf in terms amount of reserves. The Caspian Sea basin carries 48 billion barrels of oil. Also, the gas reserves of the Caspian Sea basin are 292 trillion cubic meters. This amount of oil and gas reserves has made the Caspian Sea region the fourth largest gas reserves in the world.

These are the main pipelines for transporting oil and gas from the Caspian Sea:
The vast energy resources of this geopolitical region are always pregnant with the realization of the crisis, especially since the five Caspian littoral states have not yet set a rule and law for the exploitation of the Caspian Sea resources, which is fully approved by the five littoral states of the Caspian Sea. The main reason for these disputes and crises is how to transfer and export oil and gas resources to other parts of the world, especially Europe.
 * 1) Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
 * 2) Baku–Tbilisi–Erzerum pipeline
 * 3) Tapi pipeline

Sourses
category:Caspian sea

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