User:Ejplacke/sandbox

What could be contributed to this article is different examples of listening not just active and the different styles that are contributed. There are such examples as passive listening that could be contributed to this article. This would add support to the article and more strength to it other than just active listening which many people are informed with.

The article is very neutral in based on the information being clear cut and dry. It is hard to show favoritism to one side of the argument because the information is providing clear definitions on what listening is. The information that is provided in the article is hyperlinked to the articles it pertains too and come from reliable sources. The article does provide hyperlinks to Wikipedia that can link you to other sources of information in Wikipedia in case if the reader had a question pertaining to that sort of information. The articles as well have in-text citations to add reliability and give credibility to the authors that the information comes from. The claims that are posted on the page do have citations to the claims that they are making. On the talk page there was one comment that was made but was confused on the direction that the author was trying to lean towards. It seemed primarily focused on the in-text citation to the article and helping the author cite sources.

Bibliography

Bulut, B., & Ertem, I. S. (2018). A Think-Aloud Study: Listening Comprehension Strategies Used by Primary School Students. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(5), 135–143. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.libdata.lib.ua.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ1175612&site=ehost-live

Yesheng Sun, & Juan Lei. (2018). On Listening Teaching of TCFL and Cultivating the Ability of Listening and Speaking. KnE Social Sciences & Humanities, 2018, 1729–1735. https://doi-org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/10.18502/kss.v3i10.3507

Listening
Listening can come from the interpretation of data passed between two individuals or subjects. Listening can be defined as by Watson et. al. as, ‘‘attitudes, beliefs, and predispositions about the how, where, when, who, and what of the information reception and encoding process  .’’  The art of listening comes from multiple different styles of interpreting data from what the predispose person is relaying to us. It is said that hearing is a "physical and mental," process that we do. Listening is the active form of comprehending and understanding information. It is interpreting the information and hearing the voices that are speaking.

Background
Listening has taken on a rapid vast development in the past century. Nicholls, Hall and Forgasz credit marketing, programming and education for the superior improvement. There is more technology, resources, and information that is available for people to interpret data.

Dr. Ralph G. Nicholls is at the hierarchy of the study of listening. In 1979, the International Listening Association was founded and was a foundation that was in place to bring together members annually to discuss improvements and new information about listening. In 1980 the first meeting was held in Atlanta, Georgia. The foundation made an newsletter in 1982 called the Listening Post . It was created in hopes of keeping the members of the group informed with up to date information about listening or anything corresponding in that nature.

Different forms of Listening
Worthington and Hauser described that there are 3 forms of listening. They can be described as affective listening, behaviors that reside in listening and lastly the cognitive state that we must be in to be listeners. Affective listening can be described as the intrinsic value to pay attention to what someone says and the motivation behind trying to comprehend what the person is trying to communicate with you is saying. Behaviors is the active form of listening which is the body language and the openly engaging in the communication stand point between the two parties. Cognitive listening is the actual interpretation of the information that is being sent from one individual to another. All 3 rely on each other for proper understanding of material that is being passed on from one individual to another. There are different forms of listening being active and passive listening. Active listening can be described as openly engaging in the conversation and actively seeking an interest in the communication that is partaking between two parties. Passive listening according to Christa Arnold with the Journal of Mass Communication & Journalism, is like "sleeping." Arnold rationalizes that the person who is engaged in the conversation is not cognitively there and partaking in the conversation. Systematically they are withdrawn from the conversation and therefore in reason not openly engaged.

Listening and Conflict
Conflict can be defined as an argument between two parties which is often done by listening. Before we can resolve conflict, we must by Van Slyke, understand and listen to the, "internal self". We often receive conflict by communication between two parties that often distinguish themselves in an abrupt manner. However, from Van Slyke, you must listen and interpret what the person is saying to you and you have to be able to interpret that data to resolve the problem. The author states that we must "internalize conflict," such as interpreting what is being sent from the sender and then think of a "problem-solving," reaction to resolve the problem.

Application
Research has been diving into listening among different types of groups. Cannava and Bodie in an article called, "Language use and Style matching in supportive conversations between strangers and friends", was a study that investigated communication styles between strangers and friends. The testers took control of the group and matched random parties of participants of with members to coordinate a shared communication dialogue. The control group was match with real friends. Based on the information and the test results that were received was that the friends group had a strong cohesion and strong conversations than did the group of the strangers. The study noted possible errors in the study by the subjects they provided the test subjects. However with the large test group of 302 participants the group was large enough to provide some sort of reliability to the test.

Critique
The art of listening is a task that requires fine attention to detail that the person who is communicating to you to interpret the appropriate data. So much of the understanding of what the world is facing comes from what we listen to through the information that we hear.


 * What forms of listening do you do on an everyday bases?
 * What causes communication breakdown in listening?
 * Is listening more physical or more mental?
 * How do listening and communicating similar and how are they different?
 * What makes listening so complicated?