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Area
This article is written mainly from an economic viewpoint, and it could benefit from the incorporation of sociological sources.
 * Causes of unemployment in the United States

Sector
This article already has a template on the top calling for the reorganization of the article. I believe that this article needs improvement, as it has not been updated in a while, and does not seem to be complete. I hope to add more sources, as well as clarify the definition of a social enterprise.
 * Social enterprise

Evaluating two articles
Causes of Unemployment
 * There is an overwhelming amount of economic viewpoints here, when the article could benefit from some sociological viewpoints as well. The integration of sociological works could add more depth and completeness to this article. It would also add some more causes of unemployment.


 * The section on "Income and Inequality" briefly touches on unemployment, but then goes on to discuss the economic implications of income and inequality which is irrelevant to this article. Just having a link to "Income and Inequality in the United States" should be adequate for those who want to learn more about the subject.


 * There are multiple sections with a template that states, "This section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic" for which I agree. The "Trade Deficit" section does not relate to the article at all, and the only mention of unemployment is in relation to rising imports, which is not the same thing as a trade deficit. This section can either be deleted or moved to a more relevant page, and possibly linked as "see more re:Trade Deficit here" if applicable.


 * For the "Globalization commentary" section, there is not synthesis of the multiple economic viewpoints, it is all just quotes from different economists. So although it is technically commentary on globalization, it is not very helpful.


 * "'Access' or 'On demand' economy": This section never quite touches on the affects of the introduction of apps such as "Uber" and 'Lyft" on unemployment, it can be inferred from statements that economists do not know the exact amount of the workforce participating in this and therefore may not know, but it is never explicitly stated.


 * The economist Paul Krugman is mentioned a lot in the article, which leads me to think that there is a lot of bias towards his views on economics. As he is not an economist such as Smith or Keynes, I think there should be a larger variety of economic viewpoints, as economists tend to disagree a a lot.


 * "Immigration": The section on "Effects on Wages and Inequality" can be deleted as it has no relevance to unemployment or its causes. In "Other Commentary" there is commentary that clear to be one person's opinion.


 * The "Innovation" section could benefit a lot from the work of sociologists. Currently it mostly consists of quotes from a Kauffman study conducted in 2005. The sociological and economic viewpoints synthesized together would produce a much stronger arguement.


 * The section "Industry-Specific Factors" is titled as so, but only covers the manufacturing industry and even says "see more: manufacturing...". At the end there is a line about Law students that practice law, but it stands on its own and is not relevant to anything else in the section and should be deleted.


 * The talk page is very dead. The only person who has written on it has failed to format their response correctly.


 * For some reason I cannot find this articles rating, and do not know if it is part of any wikiprojects.


 * The table on unemployment statistics can be updated to include the year 2017.


 * One of the citation pages no longer exits (#33: Education and Global Competitiveness...).

Career Pathways
 * I noted a lot of articles from the New York Times.
 * This article is quite brief and is not organized into sections. At the top there is a box that calls for content written like an ad to be removed.


 * There is repetition of information—it is stated multiple times that career pathways has been adopted at the state, federal, and local levels.
 * The beginning of the article is basically bullet points disguised as sentences.
 * The line "ACTE has resources on career pathways in its online Research Clearinghouse " can be deleted, and may be part of what the template is referring to as content written like an ad. Additionally the wikipedia page linked does not cite any sources.
 * There are citations needed.
 * Overall, this article needs a lot of work as it is not clear what career pathways are and where career pathway initiatives are taking place. There should be more concrete examples of the different types of career pathways (if applicable) and more history of the program.
 * 3 out of the 5 citations do not work.
 * A talk page for this article does not yet exist

Summarizing and Synthesizing
Editing note: Underline denotes copied over from the mainspace (original article). Strikethrough ( example ) denotes intent to delete, strikethrough italicized ( example ) denotes thinking about deleting, but also considering revising. Copyedit changes of material copied over from mainspaced denoted as  example . Still need to move to mainspace denoted by bold (example).

{Domestic factors}
There are many domestic factors affecting the U.S. labor force and employment levels. These include: economic growth; cyclical and structural factors; demographics; education and training; innovation; labor unions; and industry consolidation. Ben Bernanke discussed several factors during a March 2012 speech.

Economist Laura D'Andrea Tyson wrote in July 2011: "Like many economists, I believe that the immediate crisis facing the United States economy is the jobs deficit, not the budget deficit. The magnitude of the jobs crisis is clearly illustrated by the jobs gap—currently around 12.3 million jobs. That is how many jobs the economy must add to return to its peak employment level before the 2008-9 recession and to absorb the 125,000 people who enter the labor force each month. At the current pace of recovery, the gap will be not closed until 2020 or later." She explained further that job growth between 2000 and 2007 was only half what it had been in the preceding three decades, pointing to several studies by other economists indicating globalization and technology change had highly negative effects on certain sectors of the U.S. workforce and overall wage levels. CBO updated the employment shortfall figure as of December 2015, estimating it was 2.5 million and falling consistently.

In addition to macroeconomic and individual firm-related factors, there are individual-related factors that influence the risk of unemployment. These factors include gender, race/ethnicity, family background, industry, level of education, and level of job tenure. There is an employment gap between Whites and African Americans, although smaller for high-skilled workers than low-skill workers which suggests the presence of racial discrimination. Education is found to be positively correlated with employment, which implies that groups with higher levels of education generally have lower unemployment rates. The effects of incarceration and emotional functioning have also been explored.

Macroeconomic explanations for unemployment (new section)
Macroeconomic conditions affect both the quantity and types of jobs that are available. Structural unemployment is caused by structural changes in the economy. This includes technological changes and the movement and relocation of certain industries. Cyclical unemployment is caused by the various stages of the business cycle; more specifically the recession and recovery stages. During a recession, output production temporarily falls due to lack of demand, and as a result fewer workers are needed. This was a popular explanation of unemployment during the Great Depression, when many believed unemployment to be "no fault" of the individual workers. Frictional unemployment occurs when a worker is voluntarily between jobs. This is normal and healthy for the economy, as it increases the matches between job openings and seekers. Although not taken into account for calculations of monthly unemployment data, seasonal unemployment is most prevalent in jobs associated with the yearly seasons, and is when a worker is looking for employment during the "off-season" of their industry (e.g. a ski lift operator looking for employment during the summer).

Structural and cyclical unemployment are the most common and the leading explanations for causes of unemployment. They are also the most prevalent during recessions, depressions, and financial crises.

Cyclical vs. structural unemployment
There is ongoing debate among economists regarding the extent to which unemployment is cyclical (i.e., temporary and related to economic cycles, and therefore responsive to stimulus measures that spur demand) or structural (i.e., longer-term and independent of the economic cycle, and therefore requiring process reforms and re-allocation of workers among industries and geographies). For example, a general reduction in employment across multiple industries would likely be cyclical, while a skills or geographic mismatch for available jobs would be structural.

During the Great Depression, "hard core" structural unemployment was very common. Hard-core unemployment refers to individuals that have been unemployed for a prolonged period of time (i.e. six months, over a year). The hard core unemployment phenomenon present in the 1930's is believed to be caused by not only the depression, but also a shift in business personnel policies. In the 1920s, businessmen found the most profitable wage to be the "efficiency wage", one that attracted more productive workers. This resulted in new policies designed to find trained, efficient workers, and to encourage other workers to become more like them.

...

The term frictional unemployment refers to the period when workers are searching for a job or changing jobs. It is sometimes called search unemployment and can be voluntary based on the circumstances of the unemployed individual. Frictional unemployment is always present in an economy, so the level of involuntary unemployment is properly the unemployment rate minus the rate of frictional unemployment.

Involuntary vs voluntary unemployment: Job loss is considered to be a form of involuntary employment, and occurs when workers are either fired or laid off. Typical factors for lay offs are the downsizing or restructuring of firms, the closing of plants, and the relocation of a firm and/or industry. A worker leaving a job due to health reasons is also considered to be involuntary job loss. This is because, although the worker rather than the employer made the decision, the worker has no control over the situation. Frictional, seasonal, and cyclical unemployment are usually involuntary since they are caused by external factors. Voluntary employment is usually a conscious decision that can be influenced by external factors. Job-seeker benefits and allowances constitute some of these external factors. Job-seekers' benefit is a payment given to the short-term unemployed. Job-seekers allowance is typically given to those whose insurance benefits are not adequate, or do not have enough benefits to qualify for job-seekers' benefit; it acts as a safety net for these individuals. As a result of these benefits, a reservation wage, or wage level below which individuals will have no motivation to work, is created.

...

Long-term unemployment
Long-term unemployment is defined by the International Labor Organization (ILO) as referring to people who have been unemployed for 27 weeks or longer and are actively seeking employment. Other measurements have been used by different Bureaus and Agencies worldwide. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies unemployment based on various aspects into six groups (U1-U6), with U3 referring to the most widely recognized, ILO definition.

About 1.7 million people joined the disability rolls since the recession began at the end of 2007, an increase of 24%, as workers use the disability program as a backdoor safety net when their unemployment insurance runs out. After searching for a new position for a year, a worker trying to regain employment finds that their chance to do so in the coming month falls below 10%. Job training programs and incentives for companies to hire the long-term unemployed are among the solutions available, but gathering the political will to address an isolated group is difficult. The long-term unemployed are less likely to vote.

CBO reported several options for addressing long-term unemployment during February 2012. Two short-term options included policies to: 1) Reduce the marginal cost to businesses of adding employees; and 2) Tax policies targeted towards people most likely to spend the additional income, mainly those with lower income. Over the long-run, structural reforms such as programs to facilitate re-training workers or education assistance would be helpful.

{Lead}
A social enterprise is an organization that applies commercial strategies to maximize improvements in financial, social and environmental well-being—this may include maximizing social impact alongside profits for external shareholders. Social enterprises can be structured as a for-profit or non-profit, and may take the form (depending in which country the entity exists and the legal forms available) of a co-operative, mutual organization, a disregarded entity, a social business, a benefit corporation, a community interest company, a company limited by guarantee or a charity organization. They can also take more conventional structures. What differentiates social enterprises from other organizations is that their social mission is as core to their success as any potential profit. Social enterprises have both business goals and social goals. As a result, their social goals are embedded in their objective, which differentiates them from other organizations and corporations. A social enterprise's main purpose is to promote, encourage, and make social change.

{History}
The organizational and legal principles embedded in social enterprises are believed to have come from non-profit organizations. Originally, non-profit organizations relied on governmental and public support, but more recently they have started to rely on profits from their own social change operations. The Social Enterprise Alliance (SEA) defines the following as reasons for this transition: the increase in non-profit operating costs, the decline in government and public philanthropic support, increased competition due to growth in the charitable sector, and the expansion in the demand for non-profit provided services. Social enterprises are viewed to have been created as a result of the evolution of non-profits. This formation process resulted in a hybrid organization that does not have concrete organizational boundaries. Various scholars (e.g. Eikenberry & Kluver, Liu & Ko, and Mullins et al.) have argued that this may have come about due to the marketization of the non-profit sector, which resulted in many non-profit firms placing more focus on generating income. Other scholars have used institutional theory to conclude that non-profits have adopted social enterprise models, because such models have become legitimized and widely accepted. Some organizations have evolved into social enterprises, while some were established as social enterprises.

Social enterprise has a long history around the world, though under different names and with different characteristics. Whilst many social enterprises today will accept finance and other forms of support from the state, particularly those with a nonprofit form, they are essentially enterprises that seek independence from both the state and private capital through strategies that create a social economy. (or move to a definition or the lead section)

The first description of social enterprise as a democratically owned and run trading organisation that is financially independent, has social objectives and operates in an environmentally responsible way, was put forward by Freer Spreckley in the UK in 1978 and later written as a publication in 1981. One of the first examples of a social enterprise, in the form of a social cooperative, can be traced back to the Victorian era. Like social cooperatives, social enterprises are believed to have emerged as a result of state and market failure. However, market failure is emphasized in the UK, while state failure is emphasized in the United States.

{Terminology}
The term 'social enterprise' has a mixed and contested heritage due to its philanthropic roots in the United States, and cooperative roots in the United Kingdom, European Union and Asia. In the US, the term is associated with 'doing charity by doing trade', rather than 'doing charity while doing trade'. In other countries, there is a much stronger emphasis on community organising and democratic control of capital and mutual principles, rather than philanthropy. In recent years, there has been a rise in the concept of social purpose businesses which pursue social responsibility directly, or raise funds for charitable purposes.

Muhammad Yunus, founder of the Grameen Bank, believes that a social enterprise should be modeled exclusively to achieve a social goal. Another view is that social enterprises should not be motivated by profit, rather profit motives should be secondary to the primary social goal. A second definition provided by The Social Enterprise Alliance (SEA) defines a social enterprise to be an organization that uses business methods to execute its social/environmental mission. According to this definition, the social enterprise's social mission is to help the disadvantaged, which is executed by directly providing goods or services (not money). Additionally, earned revenue must be the main source of income for the organization/venture. A third definition is purely based on how the organization is legally structured, or formed as a legal entity. In this context, a social enterprise is a legal entity that through its entity choice chooses to forgo a profit motive. A fourth definition asserts that a social enterprise consists of a community of dedicated individuals that are continuously thinking about social impact, and as a result employ business and management techniques to approach social causes.

Social Enterprise vs. Non-Profit
Social enterprises are not only a structural element of a non-profit. A large portion of social enterprises are non-profits; however, there are also for-profit social enterprises. Social enterprises are often regarded – erroneously – as nonprofit organisations, although many do take on a nonprofit legal form and are treated in academic literature on the subject as a branch or sub-set of nonprofit activity (especially when contrasted with Social Businesses). Social enterprises can be characterized by open membership and goals widely considered to be in the community or public interest, although some social enterprises are more tightly held and can include proprietary organizations with private membership. A useful, although by no means universal perspective, created by social enterprise consultants across four continents after a review by Social Enterprise Europe, highlights three factors which can frame the business philosophy of a social enterprise:


 * The extent to which it engages in ethical review of the goods and services it produces, and its production processes;
 * The extent to which it defines its social purpose(s), and evidences its social impact;
 * The extent to which it democratises ownership, management and governance by passing control of its human, social and financial capital to its primary stakeholders (producers, employees, customers, service users).

Their international definition states:

"Not for Profit is a misleading criterion. It is good practice for social enterprises to provide incentives to workers, and social and community investors through dividends. Distribution of profits or payments to individuals should not compromise the enterprises' value statement or social objectives".

Social enterprises in the nonprofit form can earn income for their goods or services; they are typically regarded as non-profits that use business strategies to generate revenue to support their charitable missions. '' In recent years, hybrid structured models have become increasingly common. ''

In recent years, many non-profits have choosen to take on social enterprise models as it has become increasingly difficult to obtain financing from outside sources. The social enterprise model offers non-profit organizations an alternative to reliance on charitable donations. This may allow them to increase their funding and sustainability, and assist them in the pursuit of their social mission. However, two potential issues emerge: 1) distraction from the social goal in pursuit of a contradictory business activities and 2) inadequate skills, resources, and capabilites for the adoption of the social enterprise model.

Social Enterprise vs. Corporate Social Responsibility
Many commercial enterprises would consider themselves to have social objectives, but commitment to these objectives is motivated by the perception that such commitment will ultimately make the enterprise more financially valuable. These are organisations that might be more properly said to be operating corporate responsibility programs. Social enterprises differ in that their commitment to impact is central to the mission of the business. Some may not aim to offer any benefit to their investors, except where they believe that doing so will ultimately further their capacity to realize their social and environmental goals, although there is a huge amount of variation in forms and activities. (section had no citation)

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a practice that businesses can use to be conscious of the social and environmental impacts their activities make. There are a variety of CSR markers, such as accountability and internal/external elements. Social enterprises place a lot of emphasis on external social responsibility as a result of their social objectives, so social impact is built into the organization. However, there had been debate on whether or not social enterprises place enough emphasis on internal CSR. Internal CSR includes human resources/capital management, health and safety standards, adaptation to innovation and change, and the quality of management within the organization. Since a large majority of social enterprises do not have sufficient funding, they are unable to pay competitive wages to their employees, and as a result they have to resort to other (non-financial) techniques to recruit employees. Many managers utilize the social component of the social enterprise's dual mission/purpose for this.

Social Enterprise vs. Social Entrepreneurship (new section)
Like social enterprise, social entrepreneurship has a variety of existing definitions. Currently there is not a widely accepted, standard definition for the term, and descriptions vary in level of detail. There is an emphasis on change agents for social enterpreneurship, in contrast to the organizational focus of social enterprises. Social entrepreneurship usually takes place in the non-profit sector, with a focus on creating and implementing new solutions.

Social Enterprise Funding
Socially responsible investing (SRI) seeks to maximize both financial gain and social impact. Social enterprises may not view these two as equal, and they may place social good above profit maximization, acknowledging that in order to be a sustainable organization they must be profitable.

Social Enterprises often use for-profit business strategies to fund their social change. The methods in which these Social Enterprise's create sustainable revenue streams differ from social business to social business, but all share the goal of abandoning the nfaeed for government or donor support. Gregory Dee's and Beth Anderson discuss this difference in funding strategies as the innovation that differentiates the social enterprise from the traditional non-profit actor.

"Above the status of simply one kind of nonprofit funding strategy due to the ideas of using business methods in new ways to serve social objectives. The innovation of new ways to deliver social aid while maintaining business functionality is the cornerstone of social entrepreneurship." (Dees & Anderson, 2006, p. 47) -- (need to add proper citation for existing article material) --

Hybrid Forms (new section)
Organizations that do not take the distinct form of either a private, public, or non-profit organization are classified as hybrid organizations. For legal and tax purposes, hybrid forms are classified as for-profit entities. The two main types of hybrid organizations are the L³C, or Low-profit Limited Liability Company and the Benefit Corporation (B-Corp). A L³C's main objective is to achieve socially beneficial goals. They are able to go about achieving these goals by employing the financial and flexible advantages of a limited liability company. States that have authorized the use of the L³C model have established three requirements: to operate for charitable or educational purposes, not the production of income, and not the fulfillment of a political or legislative agenda. A benefit corporation, or B-Corp, is a corporation that operates to achieve/create a "general public benefit".

Background
When social enterprise first emerged, much of the scholarly literature focused on defining the key characteristics and definitions of social enterprise. Currently there is more literature and research on the emergence of the social enterprise sector, as well as the internal management of social enterprise organizations. Due to the dual purpose missions of social enterprises, organizations cannot directly employ the typical management strategies of established business models. Recent academic literature has argued against prior positively held views of social enterprises success in striking a balance between the two tensions, and instead arguing that the social mission is being compromised in favor of financial stability. Prioritizing social good over financial stability contradicts rational firm management, which typically prioritizes financial and profit-seeking goals. As a result, different management issues arise that range from stakeholders (and management) agreeing on the firm's goals, but disagreeing on an action plan; to management and stakeholders disagreeing on the firm's goals. Some social enterprises have taken on same-sector and cross-sector partnerships, while others continue to operate independently.

Types of Tensions in Social Enterprise Management
Tensions are separated into four distinct categories: performing, organizing, belonging, and learning.

Performing tensions arise as organizations seek to fulfill various conflicting goals such as varying stakeholder demands, social mission goals, and performance metrics. A major challenge is figuring out how to gauge success with conflicting goals.

Organizing tensions are caused by inconsistencies in organizational structure, culture, and human resource practices. Many social organizations grapple with who to hire, as many want to help disadvantaged people, but also need workers with business skills to ensure the success of the enterprise. Organizations face the challenge of deciding on which organizational structure and legal form (e.g. Non-Profit, for Profit) to operate under.

Belonging tensions arise from identification or a sense of belonging to contrasting goals and values, which creates internal organization conflict. These tensions are amplified with the maintenance of relationships with stakeholders who may have conflicting identities from the organization.

Learning tensions are a result of conflicting time horizons (i.e. short term vs. long-run). In the short term, organizations aim for stability which can be evaluated based on metrics such as costs, profits, and revenues, but in the long run they want growth, flexibility, and progress in achieving their social mission.

United States
The double bottom line consists of social goals and profit maximization. Here the two are not contradictory; however, proper financial management to achieve positive profits is necessary in order to undertake the organizations social goals. The triple bottom line is essentially the double bottom line, with the addition of environmental sustainability. It focuses on economic vitality, environmental sustainability, and social responsibility.

Notes (to be moved later)
Hybridity is a key characteristic of social enterprises. This impacts the management of social enterprises as there are tensions between the two components of the dual mission.

Domestic factors

 * Added sociological sources to the lead section of domestic, to expand upon the existing economic sources and interpretation of the causes of unemployment (4 sentences)
 * Created a new subsection (Macroeconomic Explanations) with about 10 sentences in it
 * Added 14 (5 + 9) sentences to subsection Cyclical vs. structural unemployment
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Lead

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History

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Terminology

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 * Added a link to the Corporate Social Responsibility Wikipedia article in the Social Enterprise vs. CSR subsection
 * Created new subsection (Social Enterprise vs. Social Entrepreneurship) with 3 sentences in it
 * Wrote 1 sentence for Social Enterprise Funding subsection and added link to the "socially responsible funding" wikipedia article
 * Intention to: add proper citation & delete quote of Social Enterprise Funding subsection
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Current Debates (new section)

 * Created section with 2 subsections: Background (7 sentences) and Types of Tensions (10 sentences)

In North America

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