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Tapirus kabomani (also known as the little black tapir or kabomani tapir) is one of five extant species of tapir, large browsing mammals similar in shape to a pig. It is the smallest tapir species, even smaller than the smallest previously known tapir called the mountain tapir. Tapirus kabomani is found in the Amazon rainforest, where it appears to be sympatric with the Brazilian tapir, T. terrestris. When it was announced in December 2013, Tapirus kabomani was the first odd-toed ungulate discovered in over 100 years.

Description
With an estimated mass of only 110 kg, T. kabomani is the smallest living tapir. For comparison, the mountain tapir has a mass between 150 and 225 kg. Tapirus kabomani is roughly 130 cm long and 90 cm in shoulder height.

Previously considered to be merely a different phenotype of T. terrestris, T. kabomani can be differentiated by its coloration: it is a range of darker grey to brown than T. Terrestris. This species also features relatively short legs for a tapir caused by a femur length that is shorter than dentary length. The crest is smaller and less prominent. T. Kabomani also seems to exhibit some level of sexual dimorphism as females tend to be larger than males and possess a characteristic patch of light hair on their throats. The patch extends from the chin up to the ear and down to the base of the neck.

Head and skull attributes are also important in identification of this species. This tapir posesses a single, narrow, low and gently inclined sagittal crest that rises posteriorly from the toothrow. T. kabomani skulls also lack both a nasal septum and dorsal maxillary flanges. The skull posesses a meatal diverticulum fossa that is shallower and less dorsally extended than those of the other four extant species of tapir.

Behavior
Tapirus kabomani is nocturnal and generally solitary although male-female pairs have been spotted. Due to the recency of discovery and tendency to avoid people, little is known about the behavior of T. kabomani. General behavior patterns of the genus Tapirus can be found here.

Distribution
Tapirus kabomani is restricted to South America. It is found in habitats comprised of a mosaic of forest and savannah habitats. It has been collected in southern Amazonas (the type locality), Rondônia, and Mato Grosso states in Brazil. The species is also believed to be present in Amazonas department in Colombia, and it may be present in Amapá, Brazil, in north Bolivia and in southern French Guiana.

Diet
Although it has been determined via fecal samples that T. kabomani feels on palm tree leaves and seeds from the genera Attalea and Astrocaryum, much about the diet and ecology of T. kabomani is unknown. Previously discovered tapirs are known to be important seed disperses and to play key roles in the rainforest or mountain ecosystems in which they occur. It is possible that T. kabomani shares this role with the other members of its genus although further research is required.

Discovery
Although it was not formally described until 2013, the possibility that T. kabomani might be a distinct species had been suggested as early as 100 years prior. The first specimen currently recognized as a member of this species was collected on the Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition. Theodore Roosevelt (1914) believed they had collected a new species, as local hunters recognized two types of tapir in the region and another member of the expedition, Leo E. Miller, suggested that two species were present. Nevertheless, though observed by experts, all tapirs from the expedition have been consistently treated as T. terrestris, including specimen AMNH 36661, which is now identified as T. kabomani. Ten years before T. kabomani was formally described, scientists suspected the existence of a new species while examining skulls that did not resemble the skulls of known tapir species. When the species was formally described in December 2013, it was the first tapir species discovered since T. bairdii in 1865.

Controversy
The reality of the species, and whether or not it can be reliably distinguished from Brazilian tapirs, has subsequently been questioned on both morphological and genetic grounds. Morphological differences between the two species of tapir are noted to be especially difficult to discern in photographs allegedly depicting T. kabomani and noted to be only qualitatively described in the original literature. Morphologically, lack of published numerical ranges for diagnostic differences make it incredibly difficult for individuals to be identified in the field as little balck tapirs instead of Brazilian tapirs. A heavy reliance upon the indigenous people for identification of T. kabomani was also noted in the major dissenting article. Concerns were cited regarding the reliability of information when it is gathered from locals as while they are frequently aware of many more species in an area, can sometimes describe haplotypes of culturally important species to be entirely different species.

Genetic evidence has been questioned on similar grounds. Several examined genetic sequences said to be diagnostic of the speices, most notably the Cyth sequence of cytocrome b, have been described as minimally divergent from those of other South American tapirs. Further analyses of cytocrome b sequences did reveal a clade allegedly belonging to T. kabomani, however, it was described to be only as divergent as some haplotype found in other species. Mitochondrial DNA originally connected to morphological traits and used to describe the species has also been called into question. Although several samples of T. kabomani have been obtained, only the two samples from Southwestern Amazonia were analysed while those obtained in the northwest were not. The connection between the morphology and DNA of supposed T. kabomani in northwestern areas is unknown and there is the possibility that the correlation between mtDNA and morphology is insufficiently supported.

Etymology
The specific epithet derives from arabo kabomani, the word for tapir in the local Paumarí language. The formal description of this tapir did not suggest a common name for the species. The Karitiana tribe call this the little black tapir.

Relationships
In both morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, T. kabomani was recovered as the first diverging of the three South American tapirs. Morphological analysis suggested that the closest relative of T. kabomani may be the extinct species Tapirus rondoniensis. Molecular dating methods based on three mitochondrial cytochrome genes gave an approximate divergence time of 0.5 Ma for T. kabomani and the T. terrestris–T. pinchaque clade, while T. pinchaque was found to have arisen within a paraphyletic T. terrestris complex much more recently (in comparison, the split between T. bairdii and the South American tapirs took place around 5 Ma ago).

Conservation
The species may be relatively common in forest-savanna mosaic habitat (relicts of former cerrado). Nevertheless, the species is threatened by prospects of future habitat loss related to deforestation, development and expanding human populations.

While this tapir does not seem to be rare in the upper Madeira River region of the southwestern Brazilian Amazon, its precise conservation status is unknown. T. kabomani is limited by its habitat preference and tends not to be found where its preferred mosaic gives way to either pure savannah or forest. This, in combination with the fact that other less restricted tapir species within the area are already classified as endangered, has lead scientists to hypothesize that the new species is likely to prove more endangered than other members of its genus. Human population growth and deforestation within southwestern Amazonia threaten T. kabomani through habitat distruction. The creation of infrastructure such as roads as well as two dams planned for the area as of December 2013 further threaten to considerably alter the home range. Hunting is also a concern. The Karitiana tribe, a group of people indigenous to the area, regularly hunt the tapir. Additional threats exist from crocodillians and jaguars, natural predators of tapirs within the area.

Humans aside, the region of the Amazon in which T. kabomani is found has also been highlighted as an area that is likely to be particularly susceptible to global warming and the ecosystem changes it brings.