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APA AND MLA STYLES OF DOCUMENTATION

APA – American Psychological Association

MLA – Modern Language Association

INTRODUCTION

APA and MLA are documentation styles use in writing papers, project, presentations, journal, article etc. they are use in citation and documentation of work or writing s. when we cite, we give credit to our source right when we introduce its information in to our speech or writing, this is usually a brief reference while documentation provide more thorough description of the source.

APA style is a writing style and format for academics document such as journal, article and books developed by American psychological association. The APA style was first developed in 1929 and it first edition was released in 1974, the guide lines in APA were developed to aid reading and writing comprehension in the social and behavioral science, for clarity of communication etc.

MLA style is an acceptance way of document source material for many types of humanities document. It is simple than some other style guide as APA style, CMS (Chicago manual style) MLA was founded in 1883, as discussion and advocacy group for the study of literature and modern language.

APA STYLE OR FORMAT IN DETAILS

Purpose of Citing source in any work or paper

1.      To give credit to other peoples work, idea, creation and information used within your academic work

2.      At the end of the academic work, to direct readers to your source.

APA STYLE Requires two elements

1.      In text citation throughout your papers

2.      Reference list at the end of the paper

What is in-text citation?

This is short reference within the paperwork. It involves using author name and year (sometimes page no. for reader to easily reference the source)

Reference List – Reference should begins on a new page, each reference must contain specific bibliographic information about the source materials used.

BASIC REFERENCE STRUCTURE IN APA

1.      Author’s name / editor’s name

2.      Year of publication

3.      Title

4.      Edition

5.      Place of publication

6.      Publisher

Example: Jimoh, S. (2017). School Without Walls. London, England: Routledge.

Note:

·        Title should be written in Italic, list of reference should be in alphabetical order (by author surname)

·        Page number should be included if you copy the material word for word, if is paraphrasing,page no. is not compulsory.

DICUSSION ON IN-TEXT CITATION

We have two (2) types or way of in text citation, which are;

A.     Narrative citation – this can also be refer to as “quotation”, this is when you write from the source exactly the way the author wrote it (exact words from the source)

Examples

Schmidt and Oh (2016) described a fear among the public that the findings of science re not actually real.

Broudy (1998,P.9) argues that ‘on the common criteria for schooling our sample citizen has failed because he cannot replicate the necessary’

B.     Parenthetical citation – This can also be refer to as paraphrasing, this is when you paraphrase the source in your own words.

Examples

In our post factual era, many members of the public fear that the findings of science are not real (Schmidt & Oh, 2016)

Encouraging students to memorize information and then testing their memory has been a consistent criterion of pedagogy (Broody, 1998).

Note: - If there are more than one Author, you can have

Johnson, Sodiq, Ibrahim, and Omisore,. (1999)

(Johnson, Sodiq et al, 1999)

Sodiq, J., Kelvin, B., et al. (2005)

BASIC RULES FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES

1.      Author’s name first followed by initials and separated by a comma

2.      Year of publication is next in parentheses followed by a period.

3.      The title followed by a period and only first word is capitalized

4.      The publication name is in Italic followed by a comma

5.      The volume no. (if there is)

6.      Last is the pages of the article or chapter

Note: period means (.) dot

Example: Johnson, J. (1989). Antecedents of violence in elementary school boys. Journal of Psychological works, vol-33, 133-142.

Or 33, 133-142.

If is newspaper or periodical – month or date will be included.

Example: Jones, R. (2004, June). Why  your children should watch less television. People’s Monthly, pp.42-44

If is a page, it will be p. c1

If is newspaper : Jones, R. (2004, June, 17).

If is authored by an institution : The children’s institute. (2003). Is Television Harming our Children? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

If is collection of works edited by someone else

Pollock, D. (Ed.). (1999). The psychology of children: views from different fields of study.. Athens: The University of Georgia Press.

If you have more than one work by the same author, the one published earliest should be listed first

Jimoh, S. (2016). School Without Walls. London, England: Routledge.

Jimoh, S. (2017). Africa Underdevelopment. Ibadan, Nigeria: University Press.

MLA STYLE OR FORMAT IN DETAILS

MLA also has 2 basic requirement

1.     Brief parenthetical citations in the text

2.     An alphabetical list of works cited that corresponds to the in text citations (Reference)

Note: MLA title can be underline, or surrounded by quotation mark or written in ilatics, when writing reference. The best is to use Italic

Discussion on In-text citation

In MLA in text citation include 2 parts

·        surname of the author, but sometimes title and

·        page no. if available. E.g (Erudite 127)


 * 1) We have short quotation, Long quotation, Paraphrasing, Summarizing and indirect citation

Parenthetical citations – will have authors last name and page no. (Sodiq 240).

Citation with 2 or 3 authors - (Oliu, Brusaw, and Alred 340).

Citation with 4 or more authors: (Sodiq et al. 132).

Quotations - While the results are not conclusive, it’s possible that the writing assignments “may have been of indirect benefit by acting as catalysts in the language acquisition process” (Sanborn 60).

Long quotations [more than 4 lines]

In ’where the world began’, Margaret Laurence reflects on the influence that her hometown has on how she see the world, A strange place it was ,the place where the world began .A place of incredible happening ,splendors and revelations. (164).

Short  quotations are not always more than four lines and it must be surrounded by quotation marks.

Example – Ibrahim and Linda state that, ‘educational success is well established determinant of aboriginal well-being. (14) OR  Educational success is a well established determinant of aboriginal well –being (Ibrahim and Linda 14).

Indirect citation – ‘A 2010 Auditor General’s report found improvements in educational success among urban indigenous Youth ,however ,educational success in the non-indigenous population in significantly, outpacing gains made by the indigenous population  (qtd. in Richmond and smith 1).

Paraphrasing - Example

The author writes that her early years of living in a small prairie town shape her understanding of the world (Laurence 164).

The writing assignments may have indirectly helped the students acquire new language (Sanborn 60).

Summarizing - Summary is much the same as paraphrased information, but it usually condenses information from a longer segment--a paragraph, page, chapter, or even an entire book. In this case, only the most important points are conveyed, again remaining true to the intent of the original author.

Example: Jean Sanborn’s experiences as an advanced instructor ESL led her to conclude that there are advantages to using sentence combining exercises, which seem to improve students’ writing and their attitudes about learning English (60).

MLA Reference structure

·        Author names (alphabetize by authors last names first)

·        The title of the work cited.

·        When no author is given, alphabetize by title (do not include ‘the’ an, a )

·        Place of publication

·        Publisher

·        Date

·        Format (data access if is electronic or print)

Note: if the article is electronic there may be no page no. use N.pag. instead.

Example: Sodiq, Jimoh. Nigeria Government and Politics. Lagos: Macmillian, 2016. Print.

Note: the second work of an author uses ( ---.) instead of repeating the authors name (Sodiq, Jimoh)

---. Nigeria Democracy. Lagos: Longman, 2017. Print.

Note: for articles and other document found on the internet, the citation must include web. Followed by date of access (date month year)

Example: Nagy, Joseph Falaky.”The Paradox of Robin Hood.” Folklore 91 (1980): 198-210. Web. 27 August 2009. OR  web. http://www.lib.cobster.edu.....thm.

If is an editor, write editor’s name and add ,ed.

Example: Lucas, John, ed. Literature and Politics in the Nineteenth Century. London: Methuen, 1971. Print.

If there are more than one author, add a comma and other names in first name, last name order

Example: Dobson, R. B., and J. Sodiq. The Rymes of Robin Hood: An Introduction to English Outlaw. Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1989. Print.

Articles from reference books – format - authors lastname, authors firstname. ‘’Title of Article”. Title of reference book. Author or editor. Vol. containing the article. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Format.

Example: Taylor, John.”Robin Hood”.Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Joseph Strayer, ed.vol. 10. New York: Scribner, 1987. Print.

Articles from Journals – Format - authors lastname, authors firstname. ‘’Title of Article”. Title of Journal volume. Number (date): pages. Format.

Example: Sodiq, Jimoh. “The Robin Hood Ballads”. Poetica 18.1 (1984): 1-39. Print.

Articles from website – format - authors lastname, authors firstname. ‘’Title of Article within the website” Date of electronic publication, if given. Title of website._ sponsoring organization. Date accessed (day month year).

Example: Chalder, John. “Robin Hood: Critical studies” Robin hood Project. Robin Library, University of Rochester. 23 may 2006. http.//www.fffffyegsjsnj-.htm

(FOR MORE DETAILS ON APA AND MLA, PLEASE VISIT THEIR PUBLICATION MANUAL – EDITION 6th, 7th or 8th )

MLA research paper format tips
Your instructor may issue particular instructions; if so, follow them. Otherwise, the following will help you set out your research paper in MLA style. Good grammar, punctuation, and spelling are essential parts of your research paper. There is no room for basic typos at this level. Our advice is to check and check again, and don't just rely on your word processor's spell checker.
 * Use a    clear typeface (Arial or Times New Roman) in a readable size (at least 11     point).
 * Justify    the text to the left margin, leaving the right margin ragged.
 * Leave 1"    margins on the top, bottom, left, and right.
 * Indent the    first word in a paragraph by 0.5". Indent set-off quotations by     1".
 * Use double    spacing throughout.
 * Use single    spaces after full stops, commas, exclamation marks,     etc.
 * There is    no need for a title page; at the top of the first page (1" margin,     flush left), type your name, your instructor's name, the course number,     and the date on separate, double-spaced lines.
 * The title    of your research paper should then be centered on the first page. There is     no need for it to be highlighted in bold or italics or for it to appear in     capitals.
 * Page numbers    appear in the top, right-hand corner with a 0.5" margin from the top     and with a flush right margin. It is good practice to include your last     name before the page number in the event that pages go astray. Do not use     the abbreviation p.     before the page number or add any other mark or symbol. You may not need     to include a page number on the front page—check with your instructor.

APA style basics
The following rules are from the 6th edition of the APA Manual: An APA formatted paper consists of four basic sections: an APA title page, abstract, body (which includes methods, results, and discussion), and references. The sections that are used will depend on the particular type of research paper you are writing. We discuss these in detail in our article about APA paper formatting.
 * 1) Use 8.5- x     11-inch paper, with one-inch margins on all sides.
 * 2) Number all     pages consecutively on the right-hand side in the header, starting with     the APA title page.
 * 3) Use a     12-pt serif typeface such as Times New Roman or Courier (a sans serif     typeface may be used in figures for a simple, clean line).
 * 4) Justify     the text to the left, leaving the right margin ragged.
 * 5) Use double     spacing.
 * 6) Indent the     first line of every paragraph and the first line of every footnote (set     the tab key at five to seven spaces, or ½ inch).
 * 7) Put one     space after all punctuation marks.
 * 8) Write     short, precise sentences.
 * 9) Use the     active rather than the passive voice.
 * 10) Avoid     flowery language or wordiness.
 * 11) Avoid     biased language.