User:Elhagyousif/MLF

1- Introduction
The magnetic lines of force (MLF), coined by Faraday, and thought to represents an imaginary lines (or tubes) of force, meant to Conceive the magnetic field , but the study of aurora changed that concept, where a relation was established between solar wind and geomagnetic fields as it directing these particles and producing aurora with shapes reflecting the geomagnetic fields structures. As electrons and protons interacts with the geomagnetic field to produced different auroral shapes, the measurements of charged particles (electrons and protons) within the geomagnetic fields, at Van Allan radiation belt , , stable aurora red arcs , and aurora oval , showed consistency in concentration for electrons or protons in spatial volume, therefore, this is not only determining the importance of geomagnetic field, rather it lead to a suggestion that, any magnetic field consists of specific elements that determines interactions of charged particles within that volume of magnetic field, these are named the elements of magnetic lines of force (EMLF), these elements consists from three components that thought to play an important roles , and activities within a volume unit of magnetic field , among which it determined the production of external magnetic field (ExMF) and other phenomenon. The EMLF were derived by Mahmoud E. Yousif, from magnetic Interaction hypothesis (MIH), and was first published at Journal of Theoretics.

2- The number of MLF in unit area (one square meter)
The magnetic field strength B, defined as the number of flux lines per unit area that permeate the magnetic field, it is given by:

1 weber B = ———————————                         (1) 1 meter2

But 1 Weber =108 Maxwell (M), therefore Eq.(1) could be given by:

108 B = ———————————                         (2) 1m2

The paper derived from above equation that, it shows relation between number of MLF in unit area and the field intensity at that area, from this, the number of MLF for this field, and any other magnetic field, could be derived from the following equation

NA = B x 108                             {3}

Where, B is the magnetic field in Tesla (T), NA is the equivalent number of MLF in a cross-sectional area of one square meter and due to the field B, 108 is the determined number of MLF in cross-sectional area of one meter square due to magnetic field strength of one Tesla, an example of the is shown in 'Fig.1'which shows a cross-sectional area of Geomagnetic lines of force at Nairobi-Kenya observatory, with field intensity of 3.4101x105 Tesla.

3- The number of MLF along each sides
Fig.1 also showed the number of MLF on each of the four sides of the area, this NS can be derived by:

NS = √Bx108                              {4} Where NS gives the number of MLF along a distance of one meter.

4- The distance between two MLF
The most important of these elements is the distance between two MLF, this distance D determined capabilities of abundant electrons or protons to gyrate around magnetic lines of force without repelling or collisions, it also shows the suitable magnetic field intensity that could be used for specific purpose, this distance is derived from

1 D = ————————                             {5} √Bx108

5- Knowing the magnetic field
EMLF stated that, if one of the above three elements are known, the equivalent magnitude of magnetic field for that element can be derived from the following related equation:

NA    NS2        1 B = ———— = ———— = —————————              {6} 108    108    D2 x 10 8

As seen, these equations can be tested by anybody, it just required the knowledge of your city or area magnetic field, or can be used with iron file to determined space between spacing groups on paper.

6- References
1-	Nightingale E., 1958 Magnetism and Electricity, G. Bell and Sons Ltd. London.

2-	Trinklein, F. E. 1990 Modern Physics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, N.Y).

3-	Chapman S. 1968 (Auroral Science, 1600 To 1965, Towards its Golden Age), Auroral Science, Atmospheric Emission, NATO Advanced Study Institute, Norway, Edt. By Billy M. McCormac, Reinhold Book Cor. New York, pp 25.

4- Hultqvist 1967 (Aurora) Physics of Geomagnetic Phenomena Vol.II, Edit. By S. Matsushita and Wallace H. Campbell, Academic Press, New York.

5-Axford, W.I. 1967 (The Interaction Between the Solar Wind and The Magnetosphere) AURORA AND AIRGLOW, Proceeding of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at The University Of Keele, Staffordshire, England August 15-26,1966, Edt. By Billy M.  McCormac, Reinhold Book Cor. New York, pp 1273/1282.

6- Stacey, F. D.,R. H. Tuncker, A. H. Cook, and H. M. Lyer 1970 Global Geophysics, The English University Press Ltd.

7- Akasofu, Syun-Ichi, December 1965, The Aurora, Atmospheric Phenomena, Reading from Scientific America 1980, Introduced by David K. Lynch, W.H. Freeman and Company.

8- Van Allen, James, November, 1959 The Geomagnetically Trapped Corpuscular Radiation, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 64, No 11.

9- Kern, John W. 1967 “Magnetosphere and Radiation Belt” Physics of Geomagnetic Phenomena, Edit. By S. Matsushita and Wallace H. Campbell, Vo.II, Academic Press, N.Y.

10- COLE, K.D.1967 (On the D Main Phase and certain Associated Phenomena), Physics of Geomagnetic Phenomena, Vol.II, Edit. By S. Matsushita and Wallace H. Campbell, Academic Press, New York.

11- Akasofu, S.I. 1967 (The Aurora Oval and The Internal Structure of Magnetosphere) AURORA AND AIRGLOW, Proceeding of The NATO Advanced Study Institute held at the University of Keele Staffordshire, England, August 15-26 1966, Edit. By Billy M. McCormac, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York.

12- Yousif, Mahmoud E. THE UNIVERSAL ENERGIES, at: http://d1002391.mydomainwebhost.com/JOT/Links/Papers/Yousif.pdf 18-Jan-2004.

13- D. S. Parasnis 1961 Magnetism From Load Stone To Polar Wendering, Hutchinson & Co. Ltd. London.

14-	http://www.exmfpropulsions.com/New_Physics/THE_MAGNETIC_INTERACTION.htm

15-	Yousif, Mahmoud E. ELEMETS OF THE MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE, at: http://d1002391.mydomainwebhost.com/JOT/Links/Papers/MY-E.pdf 09-Oct-2003b.

16- The Vacuum Schemelze Hand Book 1979 Soft Magnetic Materials, Edit. By Richard Boll, Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, Heyden &Son Ltd. Pp 82.

17- Prof. J.P. Patel Physics Department, University of Nairobi, Measurements of geomagnetic field intensity, at Nairobi Observatory centre in June-1980.