User:Elinruby/sandbox


 * Linguistic relativity



Criminal Code of 1830 Criminal Code of the Empire of Brazil



The Criminal Code of 1830 was the first Brazilian penal code, sanctioned a few months before the abdication of Pedro I of Brazil, on December 16, 1830, took effect in 1831 and remained in force until 1891, then replaced by the Penal Code of the United States of Brazil (Decrees no. 847, of October 11, 1890, and 1,127, of December 6, 1890).

Summary
Since 1603, the Philippine Ordinances (cruel punishment) issued by Philip II of Spain, also King of Portugal since 1580. were in force in Brazil, as it was a Portuguese colony. After the Independence of Brazil in 1822 and the granting of the Brazilian Constitution of 1824, the first Brazilian legal codes began to be constructed. In 1830, the Criminal Code was promulgated, which were more advanced than the Philippine laws, with regard to physical integrity for free men, and the inviolability of their civil rights and legal equality, but did maintain corporal punishment for slaves. Article 60 determined that "If the defendant is a slave and incurs punishment, other than capital punishment, or galley punishment, he will be sentenced to flogging, and after suffering it, he will be handed over to his master, who will be obliged to bring him with a iron, for the time, and manner that the Judge designates". This provision was repealed by Law 3,310 of 1886, which in Article 1, determined that "The same penalties decreed by the Criminal Code and other legislation will be imposed on the slave defendant in force for any other offenders"). The difference in punishment between free people and slaves resided in the fact that the slave's imprisonment would result in financial losses for his owner, while corporal punishment allowed the slave to return to work more quickly than would occur in the case of imprisonment. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]

Crimes under the criminal code of 1830

 * Public:
 * crimes against the Empire, against the internal tranquility of the Empire, against the administration, the treasury and public property;
 * Private:
 * against individual freedom and security,
 * against private property;
 * Police:
 * against police regulations and public rules (municipal positions)

and could not be extended to his family members;
 * Penalties:
 * proportionality between the crime and the penalty,
 * proportional between the crime committed and the penalty; the exclusive sentence for the convicted person could not exceed the offender,
 * humanization of the death penalty, without torture;
 * prohibition of cruel punishments, without hangings or beheadings, but maintaining the punishment of whipping for slaves;
 * persistence of penalties of exile, banishment, galleys, fines, deprivation of political rights,
 * banishment (exile)
 * some penalties from Philippine ordinances still persisting.

Homosexuality was permitted, with no references to the term sodomy in the texts.

The Code of 1830 was divided into four parts with a total of eight chapters, divided into titles and sections, which, whether or not they contain, specifications on crimes and penalties in each of these subdivisions.
 * Structure
 * Crimes and Penalties
 * Public crimes
 * Private crimes
 * Police crimes

Parte Primeira - Dos Crimes, e Das Penas Essa parte trata, de como são os crimes, e de como deverão ser aplicadas suas penas, suas temáticas são:

Título I - Dos Crimes Do artigo 1 ao 13, têm-se definido os crimes e os criminosos, e como deveriam ser aplicadas as penas, reunidas em seis grupos básicos:

Ver também Ordenações Filipinas Código do Processo Criminal de 1832 Referências «ENTRE CIVILIZADOS E BÁRBAROS: transformações nas práticas de punição ao escravo no Maranhão do séc». www.outrostempos.uema.br. Consultado em 15 de dezembro de 2018 «Os 5 piores castigos dados aos escravos no passado». www.fatosdesconhecidos.com.br. Consultado em 15 de dezembro de 2018 Ligações externas Wikisource A Wikisource contém fontes primárias relacionadas com Código Criminal de 1830 «Código Criminal do Império» «Código Criminal do Império segundo o Professor Rolf Koerner Júnior» Ícone de esboço	Este artigo sobre História do Brasil é um esboço. Você pode ajudar a

Electoral Code of 1932

The Electoral Code of 1932, Brazil's first Electoral Code, was created at the beginning of the Vargas era. [ 1 ] In May of the same year, the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) was installed in Rio de Janeiro, then the country's capital. The 1930 Revolution had as one of its principles the moralization of the electoral system. One of the first acts of the provisional government was to create a commission to reform electoral legislation, whose work resulted in Brazil's first Electoral Code. [ two ]

Electoral Justice The Electoral Code of 1932 created the Electoral Court, which became responsible for all electoral work - registration, organization of voting tables, counting of votes, recognition and proclamation of those elected. In addition, it regulated federal, state and municipal elections throughout the country.

The Code The then Minister of Justice Maurício Cardos convened a commission to create the first Brazilian Electoral Code itself, given that previously the legislation dealing with this subject was dispersed across several legal documents. The Electoral Code of 1932, established by Decree No. 21,076 of February 24, 1932, [ 3 ] brought significant political and social advances, among them:

female vote ; secret vote ; proportional representation, in two simultaneous shifts.

Electoral legislation made reference, for the first time, to political parties, although individual candidacy was still permitted. However, this Code preserved a certain exclusionary and anti-democratic character, since according to its article 4 illiterate people did not have the right to vote. [ 3 ]

The Electoral Court was created through the 1932 Code. This institution was responsible, then, for the administration of all electoral work: registration, organization of voting tables, counting of votes, recognition and proclamation of those elected. Furthermore, with the emergence of the Electoral Court, elections across the country were regulated at the federal, state and municipal levels.

At that time, electoral crimes were provided for in the Criminal Code of 1890 and the Electoral Code of 1932. Both legislations considered electoral crimes to be: preventing, or obstructing in any way, the voter from voting; request, using promises or threats, votes for a specific person, or for this purpose buy votes, whatever the election being held; misplace, hide, render useless, confiscate or steal from someone their voter registration card.

Criticism of the 1932 Electoral Code led, in 1935, to the promulgation of our second Code, Law No. 48 of 1935, which replaced the first without altering the achievements made up until then. [ 4 ] Despite having been in force for a few years - in November 1937 Getúlio Vargas initiated the Estado Novo and abolished the Electoral Court, abolished political parties and suspended free elections - Brazil's first and second electoral codes established revolutionary innovations which were later rescued with the Electoral Code of 1945. [ 5 ]

References «Brazil’s First Electoral Code turns 81». www.tse.jus.br. Consulted on April 15, 2018 «Evolution of Electoral Justice in Brazil». Regional Electoral Court of Piauí «DECREE No. 21,076, OF FEBRUARY 24, 1932 - Standard Data - Portal Câmara dos Deputados».www2.camara.leg.br. Consulted on April 15, 2018 «LAW Nº 48, OF MAY 4, 1935 - Original Publication - Portal Câmara dos Deputados». www2.camara.leg.br. Consulted on April 15, 2018 «DECREE-LAW No. 7,586, OF MAY 28, 1945». www.planalto.gov.br. Presidency of the Republic of Brazil. May 28, 1945. Consulted on April 15, 2018 [ To hide ]vdIt is Brazilian legal codes Current Commercial (1850)Waters (1934)Criminal (1940)Criminal Procedure (1942)Labor and Labor Process (1943)Mineral Waters (1945)Telecommunications (1962)Electoral (1965)Tax (1966)Mining (1967)Military Penalty (1969)Aeronautics (1986)Consumer Protection (1990)Ethics of the Federal Executive Branch (1994)Industrial Property (1996)Transit (1997)Civil (2002)Sports Justice (2003)Fishing (2009)Forestry (2012)Civil Procedure (2015)Defense of public service users (2017) Repealed Penal (1830)Criminal (1890)Civil (1916)Electoral (1932)Forester (1934)Electoral (1935)Air (1938)Fishing (1938)Civil Procedure (1939)Traffic (January 1941)Traffic (September 1941)Electoral (1945)Electoral (1950)Forester (1965)Transit (1966)Air (1966)Fishing (1967)Criminal (1969)Industrial Property (1971)Civil Procedure (1973) Propositions Criminal (PLS 236/2012) Portal do Brasil Policy portal Categories :Elections in BrazilBrazil Codes This page was last edited at 02:34 on 29 December 2022. This text is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license ; may be subject to additional conditions. For more details, see the conditions of use. Privacy PolicyAbout WikipediaGeneral noticesCode of ConductProgrammersStatisticsStatement about cookiesMobile versionWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki

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Cession of Djerba (1493)
 * Banco de Londres y América del Sur Headquarters

The Chamber approved PL 1,876/99 written by Aldo Rebelo. Bill 1,876/99 was created by Tucano deputy Sérgio Carvalho, then a member of the ruralist bench. However, it took 12 years for this legislative project to clear, due to obstructions from rural groups. It was resumed in 2009 when the Board of Directors appointed a Special Committee to provide an opinion on the Project. Representative Aldo Rebelo (PCdoB) wrote an opinion on the project.

When the rewritten legislation entered the Chamber's Agenda in March 2011, the Dilma government reached an agreement with the ruralist bench to approve the project since Amendment No. 164 (a radicalization of ruralists, which would allow the reduction of preservation areas in the country by legalizing illegal occupations in permanent preservation areas (APPs), such as riverbanks, hilltops and slopes that were illegally deforested) was rejected. As a result, 410 voted to approve the project, versus 63 who did not. This represented support from 86.5% of parliamentarians for the project, against 13.3% of opponents. Amendment No. 164, proposed by the PMDB to reduce the area of ​​APPs, was later approved.

The text approved by the Chamber determined: Exemption from the legal reserve for the four modules (20 to 400 hectares, depending on the State). The government wanted Aldo Rebelo to exempt only family farming modules, but the rapporteur insisted on including small properties. According to the Ministry of the Environment, the measure would leave 15 million hectares, the equivalent of Acre, without reforestation. Consolidation of the maintenance of agricultural activities in APPs (permanent preservation areas) and authorization for states to participate in the regularization of rural properties.

Amendment No. 164 provided amnesty for deforestation carried out by rural producers until 2008.


 * Arudsch-barbarossa.jpg
 * Sultan Murad III.jpeg
 * Conquest of Tunis 1535 bis.jpg
 * Battle of Tunis 1534 Spahi of the Regency fighting Spanish tapestry Alcazar of Sevilla 1554.jpg

Brazil


 * image1           = A Barbary Pirate by Giovanni Guida.jpg
 * caption1         = A Barbary Pirate, Giovanni Guida (1837-1895)
 * alt1             = Turbaned and shirtless man wielding knives and a pistol


 * Ok. Examples would be good. By the way I looked at Google Ngrams. Unsurprisingly there were a lot of mentions around 1820 for "Regency of Algiers", but I couldn't get anything to come up at all for "Regency of ALgiers pirate" or piracy or slavery... though I have not used this much and maybe I am using the wrong syntax for an AND query. Maybe the word has to be in there. do you know anything about this? And are you happy with checking me from Manufacturing forward or do you want to do something else? Elinruby (talk) 10:10, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

OTTOMAN VELVETS AND THEIR OWNERS, 1600-1750. Authors: PHILLIPS, AMANDA1 Source: Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World; Aug2014, Vol. 31, p151-172, 22p Document Type: Article Subjects: Silk Textiles Velvet Luxuries Luxury goods industry Abstract: The article discusses the widespread popularity of a specific type of silk, cushion covers made of velvet brocaded with gold. The author explores the relationship between their consumption and production. Also revealed is that the manufacture, purchase, and acquisition of these luxury goods was both more nuanced and more widespread than has been acknowledged. Author Affiliations: 1Marie Curie Fellow of the Gerda Henkel Stiftung, Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham, U.K ISSN: 07322992 DOI: 10.1163/22118993-00311p07 Accession Number:


 * Tragic Week
 * (Argentina) 1919
 * (Catalonia) 1909 translation; possible source
 * (Guatemala) 1920
 * The National Assembly, whose president then was Adrián Vidaurre, former Secretary of War and one of the most important members of Cabrera's cabinet, declared the President unable to continue and designated Carlos Herrera y Luna as interim president.
 * Bishop of Facelli, Piñol y Batres from the Aycinena family, began preaching against government policies in the San Francisco Church in 1919, instructed by his cousin, Manuel Cobos Batres For the first time, the Catholic Church opposed the President; additionally, Cobos Batres was able to inflame the nationality sentiment of conservative criollo leaders José Azmitia, Tácito Molina, Eduardo Camacho, Julio Bianchi and Emilio Escamilla into forming a Central America Unionist party and oppose the strong regime of Manuel Estrada Cabrera
 * See Mariano_de_Aycinena_y_Piñol article looks ok-ish, here for context
 * Also Pedro de Aycinena y Piñol same
 * And Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol


 * 1917 Guatemala earthquakes (for context, article looks ok)


 * ''El Guatemalteco


 * Carlos Zachrisson, Finance minister from 1923 to 1926


 * Sebastian Hurtado, Mariano Valverde, German Alcántara -- marimba composers.
 * La Flor del Café by Alcántara.
 * Governor General Brigadier Gabino Gaínza


 * Antonio Obando Sánchez
 * Alfredo Pellecer
 * Communist Party of Guatemala
 * Revolutionary Armed Forces


 * Francisco Morazán announced he would create a large army to re-create the Federal Republic of Central America and planned to include El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, but popular feeling rapidly turned against him and a sudden revolt resulted in his arrest and execution by firing squad.
 * extensive article here for context


 * 


 * Coffee and Class: The Structure of Development in Liberal Guatemala David J McCreery, Hispanic American Historical Review Vol 56 # 3, 1976, Duke Unive*rsity Press https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-56.3.438


 * https://www.jstor.org/stable/1007411

El Salvador
(Partido Nacional Democrática) a Salvadoran political party that existed from 1913 to 1931, a period known as the Meléndez–Quiñónez dynasty. El Salvador was called a "coffee republic" during the reign of the PND due to the country's heavy reliance on coffee exports. The party ruled as the country's sole political party.
 * National Democratic Party


 * Manuel Humberto Rivera Attorney-General of El Salvador until May 1945
 * Julio Eduardo Jiménez Castillo (became Attorney-General of El Salvador in 1948)


 * Miguel Mármmo (El Salvador Communist Party)
 * Society of Workers, Peasants and rmen of Ilopango (SCOPI)
 * steel workers' strike against the government of Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo
 * President Hernández Martínez --
 * La Matanza exists but does have redlinks
 * Estrella Roja: newspaper https://books.google.ca/books?id=AubqWtPHt1kC&pg=PA121


 * Fourteen Families (Spanish: Catorce Familias) was a term used to label and refer to the oligarchy of El Salvador during the country's period known as the "Coffee Republic" from 1871 to 1927. These families controlled most of the land in the country.

Coffee production in El Salvador: The coffee industry grew inexorably in El Salvador, after a somewhat tentative start in the mid-19th century. Between 1880 and 1914, the value of coffee exports rose by more than 1,100 percent.[5] Although the coffee industry itself was not taxed by the government, tremendous revenue was raised indirectly through import duties on goods imported with the foreign currencies that coffee sales earned

Federal Republic of Central America
In October 1852 El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua created the Federation of Central America (Federación de Centro América). The union lasted less than a month. In 1856–1857 the region successfully established a military coalition to repel an invasion by the U.S. freebooter William Walker (filibuster).
 * Order of the Lone Star, organized to conquer Cuba and Nicaragua, succeeding in the latter in 1856 under William Walker before being driven out by a coalition of neighboring states.

consider rewrite: Treaty of Madrid (1880) General Carrera

Luis Batres Juarros — conservative member of the Aycinena Clan, then secretary general of the Guatemalan government of recently reinstated Mariano Rivera Paz — obtained from the vicar Larrazabal authorization to dismantle the regionalist Church
 * Angel Molina reinstated conservative government of Mariano Rivera Paz
 * had its own newspaper – El Popular

Guatemala

 * State of Los Altos, sought independence from Guatemala.

Conservative government of Rivera Paz; they even had their own newspaper – El Popular
 * Governor General Brigadier Gabino Gaínza
 * the above article is extensive and provided for context


 * Gabino Gaínza Fernández de Medrano and was alternately victorious and defeated in the following actions:
 * Battle of Cucha-Cucha
 * Battle of Rancagua
 * Battle of Gamero
 * Battle of El Quilo
 * Battle of El Membrillar
 * First Battle of Cancha Rayada
 * Battle of Guajardo
 * Battle of Río Claro
 * Battle of Quechereguas


 * Corregidor general Mariano Paredes


 * Granadine Confederation
 * {ILL|Península de Azuero|es|es}}
 * El Banco, Padilla, Valledupar (provinces)

On July 12, 1861, after fighting the constitutional government of President Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, General Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera created the Sovereign State of Tolima, created from the State of Cundinamarca. This was confirmed and legalized by the rest of the states of the Colombian Union, by means of Article 41 of the Pact of the Union on September 20, 1861, reaffirming the legality of the institutionalism of Tolima.[6]

The Granadine Confederation ended on 8 May 1863, with the signing of the Constitution of 1863 by the Rionegro Convention, which officially changed the name of the country to the United States of Colombia

Federal State of Antioquia was created from Antioquia Province on June 11, 1856.[2]

Active priests of Quetzaltenango — capital of the would-be-state of Los Altos — Urban Ugarte and José Maria Aguilar, were removed from their parish and likewise Regional Confederation of Mexican Workersthe priests of the parishes of San Martin Jilotepeque and San Lucas Tolimán. Larrazabal ordered the priests Fernando Antonio Dávila, Mariano Navarrete and Jose Ignacio Iturrioz to cover the parishes of Quetzaltenango, San Martin Jilotepeque and San Lucas Toliman, respectively.

Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers
https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1135&context=history-in-the-making

The Movement that Sinned Twice: The Cristero War and Mexican Collective Memory By Consuelo S. Moreno Abstract: Many scattered occurrences in Mexico bring to memory the 1926-1929 Cristero War, the contentious armed struggle between the revolutionary government and the Catholic Church. After the conflict ceased, the Cristeros and their legacy did not become part of Mexico’s national identity. This article explores the factors why this war became a distant memory rather than a part of Mexico’s history. Dissipation of Cristero groups and organizations, revolutionary social reforms in the 1930s, and the intricate relationship between the state and Church after 1929 promoted a silence surrounding this historical event. Decades later, a surge in Cristero literature led to the identification of notable Cristero figures in the 1990s and early 2000s. However, these occurrences continue to be scarce, and nonetheless, continue to create controversy in Mexican society. 1 www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/publicacion.php?id=PUB-LH-1998-62

Recommended Citation Moreno, Consuelo S. (2020) "The Movement that Sinned Twice: The Cristero War and Mexican Collective Memory," History in the Making: Vol. 13, Article 5. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol13/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact scholarworks@csusb.edu On July 12, 1861, after fighting the constitutional government of the president Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, the general Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera created the Sovereign State of Tolima, created out of the State of Cundinamarca. This was confirmed and legalized by the rest of the states of the Colombian Union, by means of Article 41 of the Pact of the Union on September 20, 1861, reaffirming the legality of the institutionalism of Tolima.[6] Under an agrarian reform in 1592, the crown established resguardos, or reservations, for the indigenous people to provide for their subsistence; the resulting concentration of indigenous people freed up land to be sold to hacendados. The purchase of land as private real estate from the crown led to the development of latifundios
 * Economic_history_of_Colombia

, Nombre de Dios (in present-day Panama), and Cartagena de Indias.
 * mitayos (indigenous people contracted to work)
 * The new hacendados soon came into conflict with the encomenderos because of the ability of the latter to monopolize indigenous labor.
 * New Laws
 * War of the Thousand Days (1899–1902)
 * Coffee production in Colombia
 * Manila galleon

https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/publicacion.php?id=PUB-LH-1998-62

Nicaragua Legitimist Party Conservative Party (Nicaragua)
 * Alfredo César Aguirre

Ponciano Corral Acosta (1855) Fermín Ferrer (1856-1856) Fernando Chamorro y Alfaro (1860) Ignacio Chávez López (1891) Eduardo Montiel de la Cerda (1893)


 * Piedras Negras (Maya site)
 * Muisca economy

WLA2017DZ Metier en Algerie (39)Vendeur Osier.jpg

Gustave Clarence Rodolphe Boulanger - La Cour du Palais de Dar Khdaouedj El Amia Alger.jpg Palais du Bey d'Oran - plafond 2.jpg

[]

Viceroyalty of New Spain,

Santa Hermandad visitador-general

Battle of Mactan "needs to be rewrittern"

Portuguese Restoration War
Plafond1.jpg Emile Claus - The mosque of Sidi Boumedienne.jpg Naw.jpg Nawel.jpg Algeria1.jpg Mharma.jpg Mharma Vase trouvés en 1896 musée alger.jpg Photo de la Casbah d'Alger en Algerie.jpg

Algerian Jebel Amour rug, 19th century or earlier (detail).png Algerian Jebel Amour rug, 19th century or earlier (detail) Luce Ben Aben School of Arab Embroidery Algiers Algeria.jpg Luce Ben Aben School of Arab Embroidery Algiers Algeria Tissage nomade Algérie.jpg Tissage nomade Algérie Algeria Hand-loom Weavers (NBY 440370).jpg Algeria Hand-loom Weavers (NBY 440370)

{{Documentation|content=

De første massakrene
Få dager etter at tyske styrker invaderte Litauen (som hadde vært okkupert av Sovjetunionen siden året før), begynte massakrene på landets over 210,000 jøder. De første systematiske massakrene ble gjennomført etter initiativ av en lokal politisjef i Øst-Preussen uten konkret ordre fra Berlin. Stapo-kontoret (Staatspolizeistelle) i Tilsit hadde mottatt generelle direktiver fra Heinrich Müller, sjefen for Gestapo innenfor RSHA, og disse direktivene var grunnlaget for ordrene utstedt av standartenführer Hans-Joachim Böhme. Stapo-kontoret i Tilsit var involvert i forberedelsene til operasjon Barbarossa, blant annet hadde kontoret fullmakt til å utvide sitt virkeområde over grensen inntil 25 kilometer inn i Litauen. Kontoret fikk tillatelse til å etablere en Einsatzkommando Tilsit, og denne krysset grensen like bak Wehrmacht. Massakrene ble kamuflert som «opprydningsaksjoner» (Säuberungsaktionen) eller «straffetiltak» (Strafaktionen).



Gargždai
Den første Judenaktion skjedde i Gargždai (litt øst for Klaipėda) da tyske styrker og politi henrettet 201 mennesker to dager etter invasjonen. Tysk infanteriregiment 176 inntok i Gargždai (tysk: Garsden) tidlig på dagen 22. juni 1941 etter 15 timers blodig kamp. Da regiment 176 rykket videre østover overlot de vaktholdet i byen til grensepolitiet fra byen Klaipėda (tysk: Memel), Memelland hadde blitt annektert av Tyskland to år tidligere. Grensepolitiet forsterket med lokale litauere skilte ut 600–700 jøder fra sivilbefolkningen. Grensepolitiet var usikre på hva de skulle gjøre videre og telegraferte til Staatspolizeistelle i Tilsit og Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) i Berlin. Mens hovedkvarteret i Berlin var usikre på neste skritt, ga standartenführer Hans-Joachim Böhme ved Staatspolizeistelle i Tilsit ordre om å velge ut 200 menn blant jødene. De 200 ble (sammen med en kvinne som nektet å forlate mannen sin) ført til fots til en åker der de ble bevoktet av mannskap fra tolletaten. Statspolitiet i Tilsit hadde ikke nok mannskap til å gjennomføre henrettelsene og politisjefen i Memel, Bernhard Fischer-Schweder, sendte etter forespørsel en tropp på 25 mann. The squad practiced execution at the Memel police camp on 23 June and drove to Gargždai the next day..

Først på vei fra Memel til Gargždai fikk mannskapet overraskende vite at oppdraget var å henrette jøder, og enkelte reagerte med sjokk. Politimennene deltok i avrettingen vel vitende at de drepte uskyldige sivile. I mellomtiden hadde jødene gravd sin egen grav ved å utvide en eksisterende «pansergrav». Ettermiddagen 24. juni ble jødene henrettet etter at det ble lest opp en «dom» som omfattet «forbrytelser mot Wehrmacht». Mange av jødene i Gargždai hadde flyktet fra Memel etter den tyske annektering og var i flere tilfeller gamle bekjente av politimennene som utførte henrettelsene. Gjerningsmennene hevdet etter krigen at ordren om å drepe hadde kommet fra Hitler selv (Führerbefehl) eller fra brigadeführer Walter Stahlecker (kommandant for Einsatzgruppe A ), men ordren hadde kommet fra Böhme.

Videre massakrer
Dagen etter massakren i Gargždai var det lignende «aksjoner» i Kretinga (tysk: Krottingen) og Palanga (tysk: Polangen), henholdsvis 214 og 111 drepte de fleste var jødiske menn. RSHA hadde gitt tillatelse til organisering av en Einsatzkommando (en mobil drapsenhet) i Tilsit og denne krysset grensen rett etter Wehrmacht (Kretinga ble inntatt etter få timers kamp). Einsatzkommando Tilsit besto av personell fra SS, Sicherheitspolizei, Sicherheitsdienst og grensepolitiet samt frivillige fra Wehrmacht. De første jødene som ble henrettet ble anklaget for å være snikskyttere, banditter, forrædere eller partisaner. Tyskerne fikk bistand fra litauere hvorav noen hadde flyktet til Tyskland etter den sovjetiske maktovertakelsen i 1940. I Gargždai, Kretinga og Palanga ble likene dumpet i eksisterende hull eller groper i terrenget etter at de som skulle henrettes hadde utvidet graven. En rekke på ti menn ble stilt på kanten av gropen og den neste gruppen på ti menn måtte da sørge for at alle likene fra forrige runde havnet i massegraven.

Pogromer ble dagene etter invasjonen utført av lokale anti-sovjetiske partisaner. Ifølge Stahlecker satte Algirdas Klimaitis i gang massakrer i Kaunas fra 23. juni. Nettene 23.–26. juni ble 1500 jøder drept av militsen og flere synagoger brent, senere ble 2300 jøder massakrert ifølge Stahleckers notater. I Šiauliai ble 1000 jøder drept i slutten av juni, lignende mindre massakrer ble utført mange steder i landet. Unntaket var Vilnius der det ikke var noen pogromer de første dagene. Stahlecker kom 25. juni i Kaunas i kontakt med Algirdas Klimaitis, leder for en anti-sovjetisk og anti-semittisk milits. På oppmuntring fra Stahlecker og hans menn gjennomførte Klimatis den første massakren på 1500 jøder.

Böhme og hans mannskap møtte Heydrich og Himmler i Augustów 30. juni. Böhme fortalte Heydrich og Himmler om «tiltakene» (tysk: Massnahmen) iverksatt av politiet i Tilsit hvorpå Heydrich og Himmler bifalt disse fullstendig (tysk: billigten diese in vollem Umfang). Böhme og hans Einsatzkommando fortsatte sitt drapstokt i Litauen og hadde innen 18. juli henrettet 3302 personer. The day after the massacre in Gargždai, there were similar "actions" in Kretinga (German: Krottingen) and Palanga (German: Polangen), respectively 214 and 111 killed, most of whom were Jewish men. The RSHA had given permission for the organization of an Einsatzkommando (a mobile killing unit) in Tilsit and this crossed the border right after the Wehrmacht (Kretinga was taken after a few hours of fighting). Einsatzkommando Tilsit consisted of personnel from the SS, Sicherheitspolizei, Sicherheitsdienst and the border police as well as volunteers from the Wehrmacht. The first Jews to be executed were accused of being snipers, bandits, traitors or partisans. The Germans received assistance from Lithuanians, some of whom had fled to Germany after the Soviet takeover in 1940. In Gargždai, Kretinga and Palanga, the bodies were dumped in existing holes or pits in the terrain after those to be executed had expanded the grave. A line of ten men was lined up on the edge of the pit and the next group of ten men then had to ensure that all the bodies from the previous round ended up in the mass grave. [30] [31]

Pogroms were carried out in the days after the invasion by local anti-Soviet partisans. According to Stahlecker, Algirdas Klimaitis started massacres in Kaunas from 23 June. The nights 23–26 On June 1,500 Jews were killed by the militia and several synagogues were burned, later 2,300 Jews were massacred according to Stahlecker's notes. In Šiauliai, 1,000 Jews were killed at the end of June, similar smaller massacres were carried out in many places in the country. The exception was Vilnius where there were no pogroms in the first days. [18] On 25 June in Kaunas, Stahlecker came into contact with Algirdas Klimaitis, leader of an anti-Soviet and anti-Semitic militia. Encouraged by Stahlecker and his men, Klimatis carried out the first massacre of 1,500 Jews. [39]

Böhme and his crew met Heydrich and Himmler in Augustów on 30 June. Böhme told Heydrich and Himmler about the "measures" (German: Massnahmen ) implemented by the police in Tilsit whereupon Heydrich and Himmler fully approved them (German: billigten diese in vollem Umfang ). Böhme and his Einsatzkommando continued their killing spree in Lithuania and by 18 July had executed

Cet article recense les principaux palais existants ou ayant existé en Algérie.

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, and my name has been dragged a little further through the mud but who cares right? Another entitled mansplainer has been empowered to lecture someone else on imaginary incivility and create arbcom cases over problems that exist only in his preconceptions. NBD.
 * I am just a dog he got to kick because he was mad, two hours and 22 minutes after AE told him not to do that. last I heard you didn't understand the problem. You were complaining about people not notifying you, so I did. Would you please find some time to understand this and at least have an informal talk with him about reality checking his preconceptions? Neither I not Cukrakalnis is a Polish nationalist, thank you very much, and neither of us was disrupting Wikipedia before he came into our lives to tell us that we shouldn't. We are both North Americans who speak other languages, yes that is weird. He probably doesn't even remember who Cukrakalnis is, since he didn't check any of the links he was commenting on before he started the Arbcom request, so skip that part if you like and just believe me. Or ask me questions?
 * Or I could just change my name too I guess. Maybe to Jake or Jack or something. It's not like I have 100k edits on important non-EE articles or anything, eyeroll. Or will by the time you read this the way things are going. I do understand that the Arbcom case just now ended and you were involved in the policy discussion. but it's been a month and this issue is now stale. I never asked for the man's head, but I would have liked someone to tell him that that wasn't ok. If not he will continue to think that it is. I honestly don't think that's unreasonable. I realize it's easier to just assume he knows what he is talking about but I am trusting you not to do that.

you were only in this because as far as I can tell you are the only admin that has made any attempt whatsoever to understand the context here, and kudos again for that. Elinruby (talk) 23:41, 8 April 2024 (UTC)


 * School of Paris
 * taxonomy