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Karenia mikimotoi
Karenia mikimotoi is a microbial species from the genus Karenia which are dinoflagellates. Its first appearance was in Japan in 1935 and since then, it has appeared in other parts of the world such as the east coast of the USA, Norway, and the English Channel. They are known for creating red tides.

Description
The Karania mikimotoi has yellow-brown chloroplasts and, like other species in its genus, is able to activate photosynthetically. It has several yellow-brown chloroplasts, no thecal plates, and is more ovular. Blooms usually form during warmer months.

The toxicity of Karenia mikimotoi is not fully understood whereas other species in Karenia have identified toxins that are shown to kill marine life. (brevetoxins for Karenia brevis) It is believed that its killing effects are due to a combination of the creation of an anoxic environment by the physical bloom itself in addition to some sort of toxin.

New toxins called Gymnocin A and B were recently discovered however its low toxicity is inconsistent with the high number of deaths Karenia mikimotoi causes. It is believed that in red tides, Karenia mikimotoi fills in the fish’s gills, thereby allowing direct contact with toxins. This is a more likely approach to the toxin’s mechanisms.

Major appearances
In August 1978, a bloom stretched 100km eastwards in Roaringwater Bay from Fastnet Rock to Kinsale Harbor in Irish waters. The next year at around the same time, a similar bloom appeared. In 1984, another bloom appeared in the same waters. These blooms resulted in the deaths of benthic organisms as well as farmed culture and their consistency suggests the water zone between the upwelling open ocean and the more stratified inner bay might be favorable conditions for phytoplankton growth.

The English Channel experienced a major bloom in 2003 that traveled from the western English Channel at end of June to the French coast of Brittany at the beginning of August. The density of this bloom was up to 100mg/m3 whereas it usually only takes 10mg/m3 to have noticeable discoloration.

In 2005, a major bloom appeared off the west coast of Ireland. Deaths due to the bloom persisted throughout that entire summer. In August, deaths were still being reported. There were reports of dead lugworms and cockles washing up on beaches, as well as unoxygenated sediment beginning to appear due to eliminations in other parts of the ecosystem.