User:Emilygess/sandbox

Response to Peer Review (3/19)
Simran- you make an excellent point on the distinction between a hashtag and a movement. To answer your question I think that generally, yes hashtags created or are indicative of movements. And thank you for pointing out the difference in tenses it is something I probably would not have caught otherwise.

Henry- I completely agree and want to add more content for the Women's March in 2017 and in 2018. The one concern I have is making it too long, which is why I chose to include links to the other pages which can better describe and contextualize each hashtag. I was also thinking of including links to the main article for not just our own hashtags that we are adding but to all the hashtags mentioned on the page. Thanks for your advice! Emilygess (talk) 23:20, 19 March 2019 (UTC)emilygess

User talk: Lulutao/sandbox

Article evaluation
Talk: Hashtag Activism


 * Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * Yes, it does not seem to view hashtag activism as anything other than a tool.
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * There are viewpoints and issues such as political issues that are overrepresented while social issues are underrepresented.
 * Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
 * Releasing press- which is biased.
 * Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
 * Yes, this information needs to be updated

Possible articles to work on
Me Too movement


 * content: the article does not cover the importance of social media within the movement and there is a large amount of criticism.

Hashtag activism


 * Content: The article focuses on past events and does not include events later than 2014. Some of the issues such as Kony 2012, while extremely relevant in 2012 would not be the best example of hashtag activism given the context of 2010s as a whole.
 * Tone: Informal but also too brief

2019 Women's March


 * content: There is a lack of content that is clearly apparent in the article. It does not discuss why organizations such as the DNC withdrew their support from the marches, which is important to the history and participation in the marches.

What to add in the assigned article
We want to add new hashtags, summaries of them and links to those the hashtags/articles. We will also expand on the introduction section as well as the critiques and support section. Below are the sources we might use to pull some of this info from:

- For overall:


 * https://wac.colostate.edu/books/social/chapter1.pdf
 * https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1195&context=bc_pubs
 * https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/download/8068/2375
 * http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/07/11/activism-in-the-social-media-age/
 * https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304106740_Media_ecology_and_hashtag_activism_Kaleidoscope
 * https://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=jcshesa

Murthy, D. (2018). Introduction to Social Media, Activism, and Organizations. Social Media + Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117750716

Erz, Antonia, et al. “Hashtags: Motivational Drivers, Their Use, and Differences between Influencers and Followers.” Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 89, 2018, pp. 48–60., doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.07.030.


 * Hashtags increase following and influence by minimum at 12% on platforms ranging from Twitter to facebook. How are the use of hashtags effecting what users see? Through a two-phase mixed method data collection, they distill six motives of hashtag use in the context of Instagram: Self-presentation, Chronicling, Inventiveness, Information Seeking, Venting, and Etiquette. We find drivers for platform use to affect these motives, which, in turn, influence the frequency of clicking and adding hashtags, and the number of hashtags a user may employ in a post. Furthermore, we find potential influencers to be heavy users of hashtags, primarily driven by motives of self-presentation, and to score higher on narcissism, extraversion and self-monitoring than followers. Relevant due to the increasing usage of hashtag activism such as #metoo and #blacklivesmatter. Social media platforms allow for users to follow specific hashtags and see trending hashtags on their trending feed.  Limitations of this study and directions for future research should be noted. Firstly, we sampled U.S. residents in our quantitative study, and while the different dimensions should be generally similar across cultures, relationships between different variables may experience differences in weight between cultures.

Hwang, H. and Kim, K. (2015), Social media as a tool for social movements: the effect of social media use and social capital on intention to participate in social movements. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39: 478-488. doi:10.1111/ijcs.12221


 * Those who were active on social media were more likely to participate in social movements in real life. The scope and connectedness within their social network was also a factor. The study measured 2300 college students who were Facebook users, across Korean provinces, were measured in 2012. Created a scale 1-4 and 1-7 to demonstrate amount of media usage, type of media usage, and media participation against in-person participation in social movements.  This study recognizes the relevance of social media, and by extension social networks, in determining the amount of interaction a person will have within a social movement.  The study evaluated the intent to participate instead of actual participation in social movements. They felt that any barriers to participation would vary too much and would be difficult to generalize.

Lee, Sangwon, and Michael Xenos. “Social Distraction? Social Media Use and Political Knowledge in Two U.S. Presidential Elections.” Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 90, 2019, pp. 18–25., doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.006.


 * Political social media use does not have a significant effect on political knowledge and general social media use has a negative effect on political knowledge. The researchers collected data from the 2012 and 2016 Presidential elections from a stratified sample of 1,500 individuals that were representative of the US population. Respondents were given a survey to assess their knowledge and answers were recorded on a scale of 1-6. The questions assessed responses were scored based on 9 general political knowledge questions, 10 questions about current events, a question if they used Facebook, what did they use it for, and how they learned about current events. The responses to this survey lead researchers to come to the above conclusion. This study quantifies the importance of fake news and the circulation of accurate informational media in relation to general social media usage.  Self-reported data is unreliable and the sample size was only 1,000.

Lopes, Amandha Rohr. “The Impact of Social Media on Social Movements: The New Opportunity and Mobilizing Structure.” The Impact of Social Media on Social  Movements, Creighton University, 2014.


 * Lopes explores the importance of discontent with certain social, economic, and political situations when starting a social movement. She argues that it is not that social media is an agent to increase mobilization of social movements since it requires the input of various human actors in order to be effective. Both opportunity structures and mobilizing structures act together to create social movements. The study used a negative binomial regression based on a variety of factors including economic wellbeing, life expectancy, protests, activity on Facebook and more. To avoid errors she tested 3 regressionary models. The models also indicate that GDP, political effectiveness and legitimacy (as indicators of economic and institutional well-being) are the three strongest indicators of protests. The study acknowledges that a multitude of factors to igniting a social movement. Lopes tests for many factors and generalizes her data in order to make it manageable for her binomial regressions. Through specification, she could have made a stronger argument as backed by more specific and accurate data.

First Draft

 * 1) MarchforOurLives

The March for Our Lives protest began after the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida on February 14, 2018. In response to a surge of gun violence in schools and the 17 dead after the Parkland shooting, people began to rally around the hashtag #neveragain. The hashtag, indicative of the larger movement against gun violence, spread across social networks and went viral in early 2018.

Additionally, the movement organized walkouts in remembrance of the lives lost due to gun violence. In March 2018, hundreds of marches were organized across the country in support of stricter gun laws, many of which were met with resistance from anti-protesters. Since February 2018 there have been 123 laws passed nationwide at the state-level to address concerns of gun control. On February 17, 2018 a facebook page was started by students to encourage their participation in the movement; and as of April 2019 the page has been liked by 286,560 individuals and has a following of 303,681. The instagram page @marchforourlives is live and as of April 2019 has 200 posts and 364,000 followers.


 * 1) WomensMarch

On January 21, 2017, an estimated 2.6 million individuals marched around the world in response to the rhetoric of newly-elected President Donald Trump  (Refer to 2017 Women's March). The march was organized primarily through online efforts on the social networking site, Facebook. Now occurring annually, the goal of the Women's March is to raise awareness and advocate for human rights through peaceful protest (refer to 2018 Women's March and 2019 Women's March).

Similar to other hashtag movements, #womensmarch has an online presence. As of April 2019,

Final Draft
Link to Final with Citations: User:Lulutao/sandbox

#MarchforOurLives (under political)

Main article: March for Our Lives

The March for Our Lives protest began after the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida on February 14, 2018. In response to a surge of gun violence in schools and the 17 dead after the Parkland shooting, people began to rally around the hashtag #neveragain. The hashtag, indicative of the larger movement against gun violence, spread across social networks and went viral in early 2018.

Additionally, the movement organized walkouts in remembrance of the lives lost due to gun violence. In March 2018, hundreds of marches were organized across the country in support of stricter gun laws, many of which were met with resistance from anti-protesters. Since February 2018 there have been 123 laws passed nationwide at the state-level to address concerns of gun control. On February 17, 2018 a facebook page was started by students to encourage their participation in the movement; and as of April 2019 the page has been liked by 286,560 individuals and has a following of 303,681. The instagram page @marchforourlives is live and as of April 2019 has 200 posts and 364,000 followers.

#WomensMarch (under awareness)

Main article: 2017 Women's March, 2018 Women's March, 2019 Women's March

On January 21, 2017, an estimated 2.6 million individuals marched around the world in response to the rhetoric of newly-elected President Donald Trump (Refer to 2017 Women's March). The march was organized primarily through online efforts on the social networking sites, such as Facebook. Now occurring annually, the goal of the Women's March is to raise awareness and advocates for human rights through peaceful protest (refer to 2018 Women's March and 2019 Women's March).

Similar to other hashtag movements, #WomensMarch has an online presence. The movement has a facebook page is active, verified under the name Womens March, and was created on November 20, 2016. As of April 2, 2019 the page is liked by 821,294 individuals and has a following of 861,588 individuals. Outside of the official page, there are multiple pages defined by region including Women's March on Connecticut, Women's March on San Diego, and Women's March Milan. In addition to Facebook, Women's March is active on Instagram and as of April 2019 the page has 1.2 million followers.