User:EmmaForRome142497/sandbox

Reviewed by: Jarbobinkly

In line suggestions are written like this:  This is an inline suggestion for the previous sentence 

Overall:

Content you're adding is really good!! However, a lot of your paragraphs only have one reference per section. I would suggest finding more references so that the content is more balanced.

The organization is really good! I've marked areas in the draft itself where I think improvements can be made. Instead of making new citations when using the same source you should re-use the existing citation

Grammar was decent throughout. I've indicated areas where there are mistake or I think there is opportunity to improve the readability.

Good sources.

>Thank you so much for your peer review! The way you added your review made a lot of sense. I will definitely look into how I source things, as well as adding more sources that help make my points. Unfortunately there isn't much on male prostitution, so I can't give that part a lot more information, but I'll try to make it less choppy. I'll also try to find the passage from Festus! Also, thank you for clarification on CE - someone corrected it to BCE and I was nervous that people would think it was a typo. I'm also sorry I use dashes - it's a terrible habit. (I promise that last dash wasn't a joke). I will add some pictures (I've indicated where below).

''The draft is written as if you were reading the article top to bottom. The article should read like this:''

Lead

The Prostitutes

The Prostitutes: Clothing and Appearance

The Prostitutes: Differences between sex slaves and sex workers in ancient Rome

The Prostitutes: The Legal Rights

The Prostitutes: Male Prostitution

Regulation

Brothels

Other Locations

Other Locations: The Statues of Prostitutes at the Portico of Pompey

Prostitutes and Religion

Medieval Meretrix

DRAFT BEGINS HERE

Lead (small additions as the lead is pretty substantive):

Some large brothels in the 4th century, when Rome was becoming officially Christianized, seem to have been counted as tourist attractions and were possibly state-owned.

'''There are two types of sexual slavery: patronage and prostitution. Prostitutes had to pay a tax, where Patronage s did not - however it was deemed more acceptable to be the latter. '''

Sometimes the seller of a female slave attached a ne serva clause to the ownership papers to prevent her from being prostituted. The ne serva clause meant that if the new owner or any owner afterwards used the slave as a prostitute she would be free. Could be a little too specific to be included in the lead section - I agree but I didn't write this and I'm not sure where to put it, but I will think about it!!

'''The price of a prostitute was a little more than a loaf of bread. '''

'''

Clothing and Appearance (addition to pre-existing "The Prostitutes" section):'''

It was common throughout Rome for prostitutes to dress differently than citizens. '''At a site near Pompeii, a gold bracelet was found that enhances our knowledge of ancient Roman prostitution. This golden bracelet, found on the body of a thirty-year-old woman, is inscribed with "the master to his very own slave girl." This bracelet is a reminder that not every slave was treated the same. Several paintings in Pompeii show prostitutes completely naked, or sometimes with gold body chains and other expensive jewelry.  This gives us a look into the different appearances of prostitutes and sex slaves. '''

From the late Republican or early Imperial era onwards, meretices may have worn the toga when in public, through compulsion or choice. The possible reasons for this remain a subject of modern scholarly speculation. Togas were otherwise the formal attire of citizen men, while respectable adult freeborn women and matrons wore the stola. This crossing of gender boundaries has been interpreted variously. At the very least, the wearing of a toga would have served to set the meretrix apart from respectable women, and suggest her sexual availability; Bright colors – "Colores meretricii" – and jewelled anklets also marked them out from respectable women.

In the Satyricon, Petronius's narrator relates how he "saw some men prowling stealthily between the rows of name-boards and naked prostitutes". The satirist Juvenal describes a prostitute as standing naked "with gilded nipples" at the entrance to her cell. The adjective nudus, however, can also mean "exposed" or stripped of one's outer clothing, and the erotic wall paintings of Pompeii and Herculaneum show women presumed to be prostitutes wearing the Roman equivalent of a bra even while actively engaged in sex acts.

  Differences between sex slaves and sex workers in ancient Rome (new section of Wiki article UNDER "The Prostitutes" section) It's important to distinguish between sex workers from sex slaves. '''Sex slaves were bought by the wealthy, where sex workers (prostitutes) were men and women often employed by ex-slaves. The sex workers would have lower class patrons, where the upper class, wealthy men could just buy sex slaves. If the prostitutes worked out of a brothel, they rarely left the brothel. Each prostitute was given their own small room (or cell) to go about their business. Here, they would be either completely nude or very scantily clad. Brothels are often considered to be quite physically and morally dirty by authors and scholars.  Perfect spot to make a cite supporting work or include an example and maybe a picture of the cells in the Pompeii brothel, to be added next.  Sex slaves, however, had a different life. It is possible some sex slaves had tattoos branding them as such, especially since tattoos were so closely linked to slavery. Tattoos and nudity are common for the lowest rank of slavery, so it is not out of the question to consider that the two may have been inflicted on sex slaves. '''

  The Legal Rights of Prostitutes in Rome (new section UNDER "The Prostitutes" section):

'''Prostitutes had to be registered and licensed. The Aedile, who registered the prostitutes, was responsible for making sure the brothels were in order. This included overseeing the working hours of the brothel, breaking up any fights, and enforcing dress codes. The Roman baths are thought to be a commonplace for prostitution, and since baths were eventually gendered, we can see the potential rise in homosexual prostitution and patronage.. '''

Pimps and prostitutes had a lot of restrictions put on them during the Republic and Empire, but by 300 CE, pimps and prostitutes were at the height of the legal restrictions put against them. '''They were not allowed to run for public office. Some religious festivals, like the Floralia, had a strong presence of prostitutes and sexual imagery, while other cults, festivals, and temples excluded prostitutes altogether. It was important to the Romans to separate what they deemed was acceptable, like chastity and family, and what they deemed deplorable, like lewdness and open sexuality.  '''

'''

Male Prostitution (new section for Wiki article UNDER "The Prostitutes" section)'''

'''It's no secret that the Romans opposed the discussion of homosexuality. Cato the Elder was very open about his feelings of sexuality. He, and many other Romans, thought the Greek's idea of a free sexuality was shameful. Cato the Elder didn't want any Roman man to be "too feminine", as he considered this dishonourable. Regardless of these sociopolitical views in Rome, homosexual relations were common in the Roman public baths, as men and women bathed separately. It is probable that male prostitution took place in these Roman bath houses as well.'''

Male prostitutes may have been given a percentage of their earnings, where female prostitutes did not. Graffiti advertisements show evidence of male prostitution in Pompeii (Glancy and Moore)

'' I think you should try to incorporate these into 2-3 larger paragraphs if possible. Finding more sources and adding new information might make this easier. '''Maybe a picture of the male prostitution ads in Pompeii. I will revise this section.' 

  Statues of Prostitutes at the Portico of Pompey (new section for Wiki article UNDER "Other Locations" section)

From a passage in Festus, it would seem that this was first put into practice in Campania: "prostitutes were called 'aelicariae', 'spelt-mill girls, in Campania, being accustomed to ply for gain before the mills of the spelt-millers". Briefly describing what he is saying in this line before making the citation would be nice as it's not easy to understand I will definitely look into this!"Common strumpets, bakers' mistresses, refuse the spelt-mill girls," says Plautus.

'''The Theatre of Pompey features multiple statues of women. Coarelli believed that the statues at Pompey's villa were of famous courtesans, after correlating the named statues with texts featuring named prostitutes. However, some scholars argue that these are actual female artists, such as poets, muses, and heroines. There is not enough evidence in the correlation between the names to suggest they are all prostitutes. (DeRose Evans)'''

Sources Cited for CLAS 2673X2 - Project on Prostitution in ancient Rome

INCOMPLETE LIST AS OF 06/02/2020

Taylor, Rabun. "Two Pathic Subcultures in Ancient Rome." Journal of the History of Sexuality 7, no. 3 (1997): 319-71. Accessed February 5, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/4629633.

DeRose Evans, Jane. "Prostitutes in the Portico of Pompey? A Reconsideration." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) 139, no. 1 (2009): 123-45. Accessed February 5, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/40212098.

BAIRD, J. A. “On Reading the Material Culture of Ancient Sexual Labor.” Helios 42, no. 1 (Spring 2015): 163–75. doi:10.1353/hel.2015.0001.

Glancy, Jennifer A., and Stephen D. Moore. 2011. “How Typical a Roman Prostitute Is Revelation’s ‘Great Whore’?” Journal of Biblical Literature 130 (3): 551–69. doi:10.2307/41304219.

McGinn, Thomas A. Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=23612&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Prostitutes weren't allowed in the temples.

Sanger, William W. “Chapter IV : Rome.” The History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes, and Effects Throughout the World. Medical Publishing Company. (1897):64-

Regulation of prostitution may have begun in the early Republic, but are solidified in Emperor Augustus' time.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baird, J. A. “On Reading the Material Culture of Ancient Sexual Labor.” Helios 42, no. 1 (Spring 2015): 163–75. doi:10.1353/hel.2015.0001. In this article, Baird discusses an inscribed gold bracelet found in Pompeii and its possible relation to prostitution in Rome. Baird makes reference to the paintings in Pompeii of sexual slavery and the way the women present themselves. Baird also speaks about the Roman’s view of sexuality. I will use this article to discuss the relationship between masters and sex slaves in Pompeii and how different this relationship is than in our modern perception of slavery.

DeRose Evans, Jane. "Prostitutes in the Portico of Pompey? A Reconsideration." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) 139, no. 1 (2009): 123-45. Accessed February 5, 2020. This article explores the Theatre of Pompey and the Portico in Pompey to suggest that many female figures and statues spoken about in Pompey are not actually prostitutes, but women poets. DeRose Evans argues against scholar Coarelli, who’s thoughts about the images of women in Pompey are all prostitutes. I will use this article to provide a small section about the arguments between the women of Pompey being prostitutes or Muses, heroines, and other women.

Glancy, Jennifer A., and Stephen D. Moore. 2011. “How Typical a Roman Prostitute Is Revelation’s ‘Great Whore’?” Journal of Biblical Literature 130 (3): 551–69. doi:10.2307/41304219. Glancy and Moore use sources that have discussed in John of Revelation’s character, Babylon, to argue that prostitution in ancient Rome is much different than the way this piece of literature describes it. I will look less at the character and more about the conditions of prostitutes in ancient Rome. I will use this article to discuss the living conditions of sex workers, as well as the idea that they may have been tattooed.

McGinn, Thomas A. “Chapter Two: Civic Disabilities: The Status of Prostitutes and Pimps as Roman Citizens.” Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. (21-44) This chapter further provides clarification on the legal rights of prostitutes in ancient Rome as well as the citizenship rights of prostitutes. There is an interesting footnote that specifically discusses where prostitutes and pimps were not allowed to go. I will use this source to discuss the rights of prostitutes as well as how they were viewed by other citizens, especially through the lens of religious practices and temples.

Sanger, William W. “Chapter IV: Rome.” The History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes, and Effects Throughout the World. Medical Publishing Company. (1897):64- Although a particularly biased and over a century old, this source provides an interesting history of prostitution in various locations and time periods – including ancient Rome. Sanger mentions several plays which will be an interest for the thoughts on prostitutions by the ancient Romans. He also suggests when certain regulations were placed on prostitution, but also suggests a later Greek influence for this institution. I will use this article to explore the laws regulations of prostitution in ancient Rome.

Taylor, Rabun. "Two Pathic Subcultures in Ancient Rome." Journal of the History of Sexuality 7, no. 3 (1997): 319-71. Accessed February 5, 2020. Taylor explores homosexuality in Ancient Rome in this article. They also mention prostitution, the only source which speaks about male prostitution in this project. The article also discusses how the Romans shamed the Greeks in their idea of homosexuality and prostitution. I will use this source to add male prostitution to the article, which isn’t shown in the Wikipedia page at all.