User:Emmareside/Harold Lasswell

WHAT I ADD WILL BE IN ITALICS AND BOLD (WILL BE CHANGED WHEN ADDED TO DOCUMENT) - 524 words added

LEAD:

Harold Dwight Lasswell (February 13, 1902 – December 18, 1978) was an American political scientist and communications theorist. He has been described as a "one-man university" whose "competence in, and contributions to, anthropology, communications, economics, law, philosophy, psychology, psychiatry and sociology are enough to make him a political scientist in the model of classical Greece." ADDED CITATION

According to a biographical memorial written by Gabriel Almond at the time of Lasswell's death and published by the National Academies of Sciences in 1987, Lasswell "ranked among the half dozen creative innovators in the social sciences in the twentieth century." At the time, Almond asserted that "few would question that he was the most original and productive political scientist of his time." In his lifetime, he was extremely influential through his written 250 articles and 30 books creating a significant contribution to his field. 'Lasswell wanted to use knowledge to solve common serious public problems. Although he was largely influential, some found his methods "maddening" while not wanting to understand him'. It was said in the Yale Law Journal written by McDougal in 1979 that "Harold Dwight Lasswell, master of all the social sciences and pioneer in each; rambunctiously devoted to breaking down the man-made barriers between the social studies".

Areas of research in which Lasswell worked included the importance of personality, social structure, and culture in the explanation of political phenomena. Lasswell was associated with the disciplines of communication, political science, psychology, and sociology – however he did not adhere to the distinction between these boundaries but erased the lines drawn to divide these disciplines. This can be seen in his involvement with many subjects as a professor.

EARLY LIFE:
Lasswell was born into a family located in the small town of Donnellson, Illinois in 1902. 'He had only one sibling, a brother that unfortunately died in his childhood. His mother worked as a teacher while his father worked as a Presbyterian Clergyman. Due to his father's job, he moved frequently to smaller towns within Illinois and Indiana. Living in such an environment put importance on intellect and religion.'

When he was young, he took much of his academic inspiration from his uncle who was a physician. 'His uncle was particularly educated on Freud and this influenced Lasswell as an academic. Progressing through life, Lasswell found his inspiration in other educational figures as well. This included two high school teachers who introduced him to theorists that included Karl Marx and Havelock Ellis. Lasswell's childhood impacts and influences seem to have translated to his later works.'

EDUCATION AND ACADEMICS:
'Lasswell was a highly educated man. From a young age, he was influenced by the works of social scientists and theorists. At age of sixteen in 1918, he attended the University of Chicago. While at the University, he earned his bachelor’s degree in philosophy and economics and was a PhD student as well'. Lasswell also studied at the Universities of London, Geneva, Paris, and Berlin in the 1920s.

'He was a professor of political science where he was first educated and given his PhD, The University of Chicago. He aided the people from Chicago in becoming "the most innovative of the American political scientists.". This job lasted sixteen years until he went to teach at the Washington School of Psychiatry for a year. Later on, he was a professor of law at Yale University following the Second World War. He taught at Yale for many years where he took on different teaching roles. Some of the roles included teaching political science, law and science. He also taught law at Temple University and New York's John Jay College. He even went on to be a professor and teach travelling the world. Lasswell went on to be a professor at many places and taught for most of his life. He lead "seminal studies of power relations and of personality and politics"'

He later served as president of the American Political Science Association (APSA), of the American Society of International Law and of the World Academy of Art and Science (WAAS).

WORK:

Lasswell is well known for his model of communication, which focuses on "Who (says) What (to) Whom (in) What Channel (with) What Effect".

He is also known for his book on aberrant psychological attributes of leaders in politics and business, Psychopathology and Politics, as well as for another book on politics, Politics: Who Gets What, When, and How.

Lasswell studied at the University of Chicago in the 1920s, and was highly influenced by the pragmatism taught there, especially as propounded by John Dewey and George Herbert Mead. However, more influential on him was Freudian philosophy originally introduced to him by his uncle, which informed much of his analysis of propaganda and communication in general. During World War II, Lasswell held the position of Chief of the Experimental Division for the Study of War Time Communications at the Library of Congress. During this time, he analyzed Nazi propaganda films to identify mechanisms of persuasion used to secure the acquiescence and support of the German populace for Hitler and his wartime atrocities. Always forward-looking, late in his life, Lasswell experimented with questions concerning astropolitics, the political consequences of colonization of other planets, and the "machinehood of humanity".

Lasswell introduced the concept of a "garrison state" in a highly influential and often cited 1941 article originally published in the American Journal of Sociology. It was a "developmental construct" that outlined the possibility of a political-military elite composed of "specialists in violence" in a modern state.

In his presidential address to the American Political Science Association, he raised the famous question, demanded by the expulsion of essences from the sciences,[citation needed] of whether or not we should give human rights to robots.

Lasswell's work was important in the post-World War II development of behavioralism. Similarly, his definition of propaganda was viewed as an important development to understanding the goal of propaganda. Lasswell's studies on propaganda produced breakthroughs on the subject which broadened current views on the means and stated objectives that could be achieved through propaganda to include not only the change of opinions but also change in actions. He inspired the definition given by the Institute for Propaganda Analysis: "Propaganda is the expression of opinions or actions carried out deliberately by individuals or groups with a view to influence the opinions or actions of other individuals or groups for predetermined ends through psychological manipulations."

Lasswell utilized Sigmund Freud's methodology. Upon studying in Vienna and Berlin with Theodor Reik, a devotee of Freud, Lasswell was able to appropriate Freud's methods. Lasswell built a laboratory in his social science office. It was here that he conducted experiments on volunteers, students, at the University of Chicago  Using this instrument, he was able to measure the participants’ emotional state to their spoken words. Lasswell was furthermore able to use psychoanalytical interviewing and recording methods that he appropriated from his time of studying with Elton Mayo at Harvard University.

Lasswell was a “behavioral revolution” proponent. Lasswell was credited with being the founder of the field of political psychology and was the man at which the concepts of psychology and political science intersected. By utilizing psychoanalytic biographies of political leaders, he expanded the base from which potential evidence could be garnered. The benefit of this contribution is that he was able to engage in another method of research – content analysis. By being able to use preexisting data, he was in a position to show that his work was not purely positivist but also stepped into the realm of interpretivist as well – helping him to come together in studies of personality and culture in tandem with his political behavior research.

Content analysis is the “investigation of communication messages by categorizing message content into classifications in order to measure certain variables”  While the data existed to Lasswell in the form of analyzing the messages that Allied and Axis armies disseminated within warfare, it may not have been the most accurate of methodologies for analyzing the data. “Content analysts usually seeks to infer the effects of the messages that they have analyzed, although actual data about such communication effects are seldom available to the content analyst”  While Lasswell was able to perform this particular type of analysis, the weakness to this was that Lasswell could not verify his data due to communication effects not actually being available. This is because content analysis cannot study effects. While this was a weakness, he did develop content analysis as a communication tool that is still utilized today.

Lasswell also had an impact upon Political Science under the topic of Policy but more specifically Public Policy and policy cycles. Defining public policies as government decisions with an emphasis on the bond between policy goals and policy means used to compose policies. Alongside the link between expectations of policies and the methods to achieve them for governments, Lasswell can be also noted for his contribution to policy cycle with his seven-stage cycle  to ensure societies problems are handled by the implementation of public policy.

Leo Rosten included an appreciation of him in "People I have loved, known or admired".

CONTRIBUTIONS:


 * His five-questions model of communication led to the emphasis in communication study on determining effects. Lasswell's contemporary, Paul Lazarsfeld, did even more to crystallize this focus on communication effects.
 * He pioneered in content analysis methods, virtually inventing the methodology of qualitative and quantitative measurement of communication messages (propaganda messages and newspaper editorials, for example).
 * His study of political and wartime propaganda represented an important early type of communication study. The word propaganda later gained a negative connotation and is not used much today, although there is even more political propaganda. Propaganda analysis has been absorbed into the general body of communication research.
 * He introduced Freudian psychoanalytic theory to the social sciences in America. Lasswell integrated Freudian theory with political analysis, as in his psychoanalytic study of political leaders. He applied Freud's id-ego-superego via content analysis to political science problems. In essence, he utilized intraindividual Freudian theory at the societal level.
 * He helped create the policy sciences, an interdisciplinary movement to integrate social science knowledge with public action. The social sciences, however, generally resisted this attempt at integration and application to public policy problem.
 * He was a persistent advocate for behavioural revolution in political science.
 * He wrote 250 articles and 30 books within his field including "Propaganda Technique in the World War (1927), World Revolutionary Propaganda (with Dorothy Blumenstock, 1939), Politics Faces Economics (1946), The Policy Sciences: Recent Developments in Scope and Method (with Daniel Lerner, 1951), and The Future of Political Science (1963)."
 * He created a research program leaving his twenties that showed "the importance of personal-ity, social structure, and culture in the explanation of political phenomena"