User:Empfu/sandbox

A voice break, voice change, or voice mutation commonly refers to the deepening of the voice of people as they reach puberty. Before puberty, boys and girls have roughly similar vocal pitch. During puberty, the male voice typically deepens, while the female voice usually only deepens by a couple of tones which may be more difficult to detect.

A similar effect is a voice crack, during which is a person's voice suddenly and unintentionally enters a higher register (usually falsetto) for a brief period of time. This may be caused by singing or talking at a pitch outside the person's natural vocal range, stress, emotional tension, or the physical changes associated with puberty. An instance of a voice crack (when associated with puberty) lasts for only a moment and occurs generally less frequently as a person grows into maturity.

Overview
Most of the voice change begin around age 12 or 13. Full adult pitch is attained at an average age of 15 years, though it is not fully settled until early twenties. It usually precedes the development of significant facial hair by several months to years. Under the influence of androgens, the voice box, or larynx, grows in both sexes. This growth is far more prominent in boys than in girls and it is more easily perceived. It causes the voice to drop and deepen 	thicker. In addition, the facial bones begin to grow as well. Cavities in the sinuses, the nose, and the back of the throat grows bigger, thus creating more space within the head to allow the voice to resonate. Cartilage within the facial area can move into as many as 170 different positions. The glottis narrows, controlling the flow of air, which causes the vocal folds to vibrate and create sound. Occasionally, voice change is accompanied by unsteadiness of vocalization in the early stages of untrained voices. Due to the drop in pitch to the vocal range, people may unintentionally speak in head voice using pitches which are formally chest voice.

History
Historical changes in the average age of puberty have had profound effects on the composing of music for children's voices. The composer Joseph Haydn (1732 – 1809) was typical in singing parts in high pitches through his seventeenth year.

Unchanged voices were in high demand for church choirs, which, surprisingly, historically excluded women. The British cathedral choir ideal remains based on boy sopranos (or trebles), with the alto part executed by adult countertenors. But in German-speaking countries the alto parts as well are sung by boys.

Historically, a strategy for avoiding mutation altogether was castration. Castrati are first documented in Italian church records from the 1550s. Mozart's Exultate Jubilate, Allegri's Miserere and parts of Handel's Messiah were written for this voice, whose distinctive timbre was widely exploited in Baroque opera. In 1861 the practice of castration became illegal in Italy, and in 1878 Pope Leo XIII prohibited the hiring of new castrati by the church. The last castrato was Alessandro Moreschi (1858–1922) who served in the Sistine Chapel Choir.

Food and cultural identity
National dishes are part of the nation's identity and self-image. During the age of European empire-building, nations would develop a national cuisine to distinguish themselves from their rivals.

Zilka Janer observed that it is impossible to choose a single national dish, even unofficially for countries like Mexico, because of their diverse ethnic populations and cultures. The cuisine of such countries simply can not be represented by any single, national dish. Furthermore, because national dishes are so interwoven in a nation's sense of identity, strong emotions and conflicts can arise when trying to choose a country's national dish.

Platos nacionales
In Latin America, although in many cases recipes transcend national borders with only minor variations, the dishes may be claimed or designated as a "plato nacional".

Both Peru and Ecuador claim ceviche as their national dish. Colombian ajiaco and the sancocho of the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Panama, are stews of meats, plaintains, and root vegetables. All of them are the ''plato nacional'. Zilka Janer, lecturer on Latin American culture at Hofstra University, observes that this sharing of the same plato nacional by different countries calls into question the idea that every country has a unique national dish which is special to that country, and indicates that cuisine is something that does not respect national and geopolitical borders.

The identification of Latin American national dishes is stronger, Janer notes, amongst expatriate communities in North America. In Latin American countries, the plato nacional is usually part of the cuisine of rural and peasant communities, and not part of the everyday cuisine of city dwellers at all. But in expatriate communities, they are strongly reclaimed in order to retain the community senses of national identity, they ties to one's homeland, and they are proudly served in homes and restaurants. This is a reaction on the parts of those communities that is attempting to resist social pressures that push to homogenize such ethnically and culturally diverse communities into single all-encompassing group identities, such as Latinos or Hispanic Americans.

National dishes and foods by country
This is not a definitive list of national dishes, but rather a list of some foods that have been suggested to be national dishes.
 * Afghanistan: Kabuli Pilav
 * Algeria: Couscous
 * Angola: Muamba de galinha
 * Argentina: Asado, Empanada
 * Armenia: Harissa
 * Aruba: Keshi yena
 * Australia: Vegemite, Meat pie, Roast lamb
 * Azerbaijan: Dolma
 * Austria: Tafelspitz, Wiener Schnitzel
 * Bahamas: Crack conch with peas and rice
 * Bahrain: Machboos
 * Bangladesh: Biryani, Rice and fish, especially Ilish
 * Barbados: Cou-Cou and Flying Fish
 * Belarus: Draniki
 * Belgium: Moules-frites
 * Bermuda: Bermuda fish chowder
 * Bhutan: Ema datshi
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnian pot, Ćevapi, Pljeskavica
 * Brazil: Feijoada and Churrasco
 * British Virgin Islands: Fish and Fungi
 * Brunei Darussalam: Ambuyat
 * Bulgaria: Yogurt, Banitsa
 * Burma: Mohinga
 * Cambodia: Amok trey
 * Cameroon: Ndolé
 * Canada: Nanaimo bar, Poutine,   Butter tarts,  Kraft Dinner, Burgers/Hot dogs/French fries
 * Cape Verde: Cachupa
 * Chile: Asado, Empanada, Cazuela, Pastel de choclo
 * China: No official national dish.
 * Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China
 * Hong Kong: Char siu, dim sum
 * Macau: Minchee
 * Colombia: Ajiaco, Bandeja paisa
 * Costa Rica: Gallo pinto
 * Cuba: Platillo Moros y Cristianos, Ropa vieja, Puerco asado, Yuca con mojo
 * Czech Republic: Vepřo knedlo zelo (roast pork with dumplings and sauerkraut), Svíčková
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo: Poulet Moambé
 * Denmark: Frikadeller, Wienerbrød (Danish pastry), Smørrebrød
 * Dominica: Mountain chicken, Fish broth
 * Dominican Republic: La Bandera ("The Flag") rice, red beans, meat (beef, chicken, pork, or fish).
 * Ecuador: Encebollado, Fritada, Guatitas,
 * Egypt: Ful medames, kushari, molokhia, falafel
 * El Salvador: Pupusa
 * Eritrea: Zigini with injera
 * Estonia: Verivorst with Mulgikapsad (sauerkraut stew)
 * Ethiopia: Wat with injera
 * Finland: Mämmi, Sautéed reindeer
 * France: Crêpe, pot-au-feu
 * Gabon: Poulet Nyembwe
 * Georgia: Khachapuri, khinkali
 * Germany: Currywurst, Sauerbraten
 * Bavaria: Weisswurst and Brezn
 * Greece: Fasolada, Moussaka
 * Grenada: Oil Down
 * Guyana: Pepperpot
 * Honduras: Baleada, Carne Asada, Sopa de Caracol (Conch Soup)
 * Hungary: Gulyás
 * Iceland: Hákarl
 * India: No officially anointed national dish.  See here for a survey of important dishes from various states.
 * Indonesia: Gado-gado, Nasi Goreng, Sate, Soto
 * Iran: Chelo kabab, Ghormeh sabzi
 * Iraq: Samak masgouf
 * Ireland: Colcannon, Irish stew, Breakfast roll, Full breakfast, Battered sausage, Fish and chips
 * Israel: Hummus, falafel,   Israeli salad,  limonana
 * Italy: Pasta, Polenta, Pizza
 * Jamaica: Ackee and Saltfish
 * Japan: Japanese curry, Ramen, Sushi
 * Jordan: Mansaf
 * Kazakhstan: Beshbarmak
 * Kenya: Ugali, Sukuma wiki, Nyama choma
 * Kuwait: Machboos
 * Kyrgyzstan: Beshbarmak, laghman
 * Laos: Larb with sticky rice
 * Lebanon: Kibbeh, tabbouleh
 * Lithuania: Cepelinai
 * Luxembourg: Judd mat Gaardebounen, smoked neck of pork with broad beans
 * Macedonia: Tavče Gravče
 * Madagascar: Romazava
 * Malaysia: Nasi Lemak
 * Malta: Pastizzi, Rabbit Stew (Fenkata)
 * Mexico: Mole poblano, Tacos
 * Mongolia: Buuz
 * Montenegro: Kačamak, Raštan
 * Morocco: Couscous, Tagine, Pastilla
 * Nicaragua: Gallo pinto
 * Nepal: Dal bhat
 * Netherlands: Stamppot, hutspot
 * New Zealand: Pavlova, Bacon and egg pie, Hāngi, Meat pie, lamb
 * North Korea: Kimchi
 * Norway: Fårikål
 * Pakistan: Biryani, Nihari
 * Paraguay: Sopa paraguaya
 * Peru: Ceviche
 * Philippines: Adobo, Lechon, Sinigang
 * Poland: Bigos, Pierogi, Kotlet schabowy, Żurek
 * Portugal: Bacalhau, Cozido à Portuguesa
 * Puerto Rico: Arroz con gandules with Lechon
 * Republic of the Congo: Poulet Moambé
 * Romania: Mămăligă, Ciorbă de burtă, Sarmale, Mici
 * Russia: Shchi, Okroshka, Borscht, Coulibiac, Ukha
 * Constituent federal subjects of the Russian Federation
 * Republic of Tatarstan: Öçpoçmaq
 * Tula, Russia: Tula gingerbread
 * San Marino: Torta Tre Monti
 * Saudi Arabia: Kabsa
 * Senegal: Thieboudienne
 * Serbia: Ćevapčići, Proja, Kajmak
 * Slovakia: Bryndzové halušky
 * Singapore: Chilli crab, Hainanese Chicken Rice
 * South Africa: Bobotie
 * South Korea: Kimchi, Bulgogi
 * Spain: Paella, tortilla española
 * Sri Lanka: Rice and curry
 * Sudan: Ful medames
 * Sweden: Köttbullar, Kräftskiva, Surströmming
 * Switzerland: Cervelat, Fondue, Rösti
 * Syria: Kibbeh
 * Tajikistan: O'sh
 * Taiwan: Beef noodle soup, Stinky tofu
 * Tanzania: Ugali
 * Thailand: Pad Thai, Som Tam,  Tom Yum Goong
 * Trinidad and Tobago: Kallaloo
 * Turkey: Kebab, Sarma, Baklava, Yogurt, Pilav
 * Tunisia: Couscous
 * Turkmenistan: Palaw
 * Uganda: Matoke
 * Ukraine: Borscht
 * United Kingdom: Fish and chips,    chicken tikka masala
 * England: Beef, especially roast beef; pudding, particularly Christmas plum pudding
 * Northern Ireland: Ulster fry
 * Scotland: Haggis
 * Wales: Cawl
 * United States: Hot dog, apple pie, hamburger, roast turkey. Regional dishes include Jambalaya (Louisiana Creole), New England clam bake (New England), Barbecue (South), Fish boil (Great Lakes).  Many states also have at least one official state food.
 * United States Virgin Islands: Fish and Fungi
 * Uruguay: Asado, Chivito
 * Uzbekistan: O'sh
 * Venezuela: Pabellón criollo
 * Vietnam: Phở, Bún bò Huế
 * Yemen: Saltah

National liquors
A national liquor is an alcoholic drink considered as a standard and respected adult beverage in a given country. While plenty of such drinks status may be informal, there is usually a general consensus in a given country that a specific drink has national status or is the "most popular liquor" in a given nation.

History
Trams in Dalian have a long history, stretching as far back as the late Qing Dynasty. On 25 September 1909, the South Manchuria Railway opened the first tram line for testing in Dalian, which was under Japanese occupation at that time. This was the example of public transportation, making Dalian one of the earliest Chinese cities with public transport services. The original tram line ran from the Electrical Garden (present-day Eton Center) to Tai Pier (now known as Harbour Bridge) via Taisho Road (present-day Zhongshan and Renmin Roads), spanning 2.45 kilometers. The number of Type 11 tram cars served was 30 at that time; Body of Type 11 tram car was manufactured by Preston in the United States, its chassis was manufactured by Montien Gibson Manufacturing in the United Kingdom, and its electrical parts was manufactured in Germany. This type of tram car was built with a wooden body and 2 motorman's seats. The capacity is 72 people per car in normal and 145 in maximum. At that time, the Type 11 tram car was commonly called American large wooden cages. Since then, new tram lines have been constantly added and opened up; and 2 tram yards were built next to Minzhu (democracy) Square and Jiefang (liberation) Square. Until 1945, a total of 11 tram routes, three premises, and two repair workshop were built.

In 1945, the Soviet Union Red Army defeated Japanese forces was located in Manchuria and occupied Dalian in the last scene of World War II. On April 1, 1946, Soviet Union Red Army requisitioned Dalian Tram from Dalian Urban Transport Co., Ltd., which was a South Manchuria Railway's subsidiary taking the responsibility of transport business in Dalian area, and transformed Dalian transport service to Dalian City transport company. In 1970s, due to urban development it was necessary to begin to remove most of tram lines. At that time, the 1st Tram line was abandoned ,and now the 15th bus line service has replaced the old tram line. At the end of 20th century, Dalian city leaved only three tram routes: Route 201, 202 and 203. From October 15, 1999 to December 1, 2002, Route 202 was reformed. Some of the vehicles of type DL8000 retired and others were sold to Changchun (now in operation at Route 54 of Changchun Tram). For the replacement of DL8000 cars, the Tram Factory of Dalian Public Transport Group built type DL6WA tram cars. From June 10, 2006 to December 30, 2007, Route 201and 203 were reformed and merged as new Route 201. Consequently many tram cars were replaced with type DL6WA cars, while 27 cars of type DL3000 were built by Japanese in 1930s. They are still remained and serving on the merged route 201 after retrofitting.

Like other Chinese towns & cities, Dalian's tram system was also opened directly as an electric tram, never as a horse or steam tram. Although only three routes were constructed, they have never closed and are still running. Many changes of rolling stocks were occurred, and new modern low floor trams are introduced recently.

Historic Overview

 * 1909 – Electric trams started operating.


 * 1945 – The tramway network reached its maximum length, up to 11 routes.


 * 1946 – 8 routes were closed step by step till 1979.


 * 2002 – Some stocks were replaced by low floor trams.


 * 2006 – Route 201 & 203 were merged to form new route 201, partly replaced by low floor stocks.

Tram routes
There are 2 tram routes. Unlike other Asian cities, tram routes of Dalian are prefixed by 20. Trams cruise the downtown and southwestern areas in the city.


 * 201 – Haizhiyun Park – Xionggong Jie (via Dalian Rail Station, merging former route 201 & 203)


 * 202 – Xinggong Jie – Xiaopingdao Qian

Practical Info

 * Total length – 23.4 km (10.8 km on route 201, 12.6 km on route 202).
 * Opened — September 1909.
 * Fare – RMB 1 or 2 in cash.

Tickets
The billing method on route 201 is unique. The route is divided into two sections at the Dalian Railway Station: one section is between Haizhiyun Park and Dalian Railway Station, and the other one is from Dalian Railway Station to Xinggong Street. The fare is 1 RMB in cash if you use only one section (including riding on/off at Dalian Railway Station). If you use the Mingzhu IC card, which is a rechargeable contactless stored value smart card issued in Dalian, the fare is discounted to 0.95 RMB. If you ride past both sections (i.e. the passenger does not get off at the Dalian Railway Station but continues to ride) on route 201, the fare is 2 RMB in cash. If you pay with Mingzhu IC card, the fare is discounted to 1.7 RMB. In the case of the cross-section riding above, the passenger needs to pay 1 RMB into the fare box in the car. When you embark, a crew member will collect another 1 RMB at the Dalian Railway Station. In case of the payment with Mingzhu IC card, the payment system is also different from other public transport route in Dalian.

Regarding route 202 in 2002, after the initial full-line transformation of that route was completed, a single fare was applied: the fare was 2 RMB. However, the system had been changed and now the fare is 1 RMB. There is no ticket sales in the tram cars, but it is necessary to pay the fare in cash or with Mingzhu IC card on boarding. It is the same as the other public bus routes in Dalian.

Fleet
There were a variety of rolling stocks, only two are now remained-


 * DL 3000 – The oldest type is Witt Type. It has single coach, wooden body and bow collector. Due to their age, they have limited running on streets. It still creates nostalgic old day's charm and runs on route 201.


 * The second oldest was Modern Type. It also had single coach and bow collector, but it had metal body and large front window. It was introduced as a modernization project of Dalian's tram. This type of stock is now withdrawn.


 * The third oldest was Pointed Type. It also had single coach, bow collector and metal body; but the front window was not so large as modern type. Its front side had slightly slanted, so it was called pointed type. This type of stock is now withdrawn as well.


 * DL6WA — The latest type is Low Floor Type. It was introduced when Dalian's subway was planned to open. It was completely newly designed, which had three coaches, pantograph, air-conditioned steel body with vestibule and stylish front glass and looking glass. It mainly ran on reserved track, but also ran on street track. It had the largest number of fleet today and ran on both routes. The style of this type was clearly inspired by the Siemens Combino and designed by Paulussen which had been accused of design plagiarism; in 2001 it received the anti-award Plagiarius.

Dalian's tram has one of the exceptional feature that all staffs are female, i.e. –driver, conductor, points man and even the depot manager. The trams had a clear box at the entrance to drop the 1 RMB or 2 RMB note into while the driver looked on. The trams used a mixture of bow collectors and trolley poles.

Depots & termini
There are two depots, one of which also maintains trolleybuses.

The termini are – Haizhiyun Park, Xinggong Jie, Xiaopingdao Qian, & the Dalian Railway Station.

Alignment & Interchanges
Most tram routes are on unreserved tracks and middle of the roads. Track beds on unreserved portion laid on concrete. At some crossings, trolleybus lines cross tram lines. Recently, route 202 has re-laid partly on reserved track. That route started running low floor trams, which also run in unreserved portion & route 201.

Interchange with metro is possible at Dalian Railway Station.

201 Route Yun Park Sea origin (due to park is currently being modified, shortened to folk music originating Square) goes along the Lu Xun Road, Century Street, Changjiang Road to end-hing Kung Street, approaching 27 Square, 38 Square, democracy Square, Dalian Railway Station, the North Post Bridge (Dalian Bus Terminal), 51 Square, and so on. In addition to sea-yun Park, a short track is located in the vicinity of the road side of the track to comply with the rest of history, located in the middle of the road. DL3000-type vehicles, the tram for 27 Taiwan in the 20th century, and 30 years of Japanese occupation during the production, were modified in 2007 (and thus some people model themselves after the word "reform" of the alphabet the first letter of the word "G", actually does not exist in models); and 15 sets of Dalian Tram Bus Group plant in 2007 – 2008 production of "Dalian" and brand DL6WA mixed-type articulated tram.

202 Route Xiaoping Island, before the origin along the Huangpu, Zhongshan Road, Xi'an Road to end-hing Kung Street, channels Qixianling, high-tech parks, Heishijiao coastal, compounds which, Xinghai Square, Peace Square, the liberation Square, Xi'an Road Commercial Circle, etc. land. Vehicles produced 40 batches of "Dalian" and card-type articulated tram DL6WA.

Extension point of Route 202 is in the estuary, along the Port Arthur South, Guo waterways, MA North line, end zone at Port Arthur. Elevated tram across the board uses two dynamic and two drag rail transportation vehicles is actually a completely unrelated with the 202 tram independent light rail line, due to rail traffic engineering to avoid the cumbersome approval process and to the existing tram relatively simple procedure

2009 May 8 at about 9 am, 202 tram extension project groundbreaking ceremony was held at the Lushunkou District East Jiguanshan.