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A trophic egg is an egg which is not laid for reproduction but for nutrition, often for feeding the offspring hatched from viable eggs. Trophic eggs are usually unfertilised. They have been found in a hugely diverse number of species, including fish, amphibians and insects. Examples have also been found from a range of levels of parental care. Despite the diversity of species and life strategies that make use of trophic eggs, they all share a common function, which is the sacrifice of potential future offspring in order to provide food for the survival of current offspring.

Examples

 * Trophic egg-laying is found relatively commonly in sub-social insects, one of the most commonly studied being the bug Adomerus triguttulus (Heteroptera: Cydnidae). Nymphs are provisioned with nettle seeds, and the ratio of trophic eggs to viable ones is higher when seeds are less well-developed or in lower quantities, indicating that they are filling the deficit of the alternate food source.
 * Many ant species produce trophic eggs, although in the case of Pachycondyla apicalis (Formicidae: Ponerinae) the trophic eggs are laid by workers and offered to the queen rather than to developing offspring. However this depends on transmission of pheromones from the queen, since workers lacking contact with the queen may instead start to lay reproductive eggs.
 * Some spider species lay a batch of trophic eggs the day after the viable offspring have emerged. This precise timing is based on close interactions between the mother and her offspring, including rotating and drumming behaviour by the mother, which stimulates the spiderlings to climb onto her body at the exact time of release of the trophic eggs. Consumption of trophic eggs can more than double the body weight of the spiderlings, greatly increasing their chances of survival.
 * Some species of tree frogs produce trophic eggs in the same location as their reproductive eggs. Species such as Dendrobates spp. lay both types of eggs within water-filled tree holes, bromeliad reservoirs, and pitcher plants; where the trophic eggs provide nutrition for the emerging tadpoles. Another frog species, Leptodactylus fallax, shows extraordinarily high levels of parental care, with both parents remaining near the burrow, and females feeding each brood a total of 10,000-25,000 trophic eggs, their only source of nutrition.
 * Intrauterine cannibalism is common in the viviparous shark order Lamniformes (commonly known as mackerel sharks). This strategy is effective in increasing the offspring’s likelihood of survival. This type of cannibalism can come in the form of oophagy (eating sibling eggs) or adelphophagy (literally, eating one’s brother). It is an efficient way of minimising gamete wastage, and ensuring the survival of only the fittest offspring.

Morphology
Trophic eggs are not always morphologically distinct from normal reproductive eggs; however if there is no physical distinction there tends to be some kind of specialised behaviour in the way that trophic eggs are delivered by the parents.

In some beetles, trophic eggs are paler in colour and softer in texture than reproductive eggs, with a smoother surface on the chorion. It has also been found that trophic eggs in ants have a less pronounced reticulate pattern on the chorion.

The morphological differences may arise due to the fact that mothers invest less energy in the production of trophic eggs than viable eggs.

Adaptive Plasticity
The behaviour of trophic egg-laying species depends highly on their environment and can be modified via adaptive plasticity in response to environmental variation. The ratio of trophic to viable eggs is determined by the availability of resources, although the absolute number of trophic eggs does not always change. The production of fewer viable eggs ensures that each hatched nymph will have a larger provision of trophic eggs; and therefore give each individual an enhanced chance of survival when external resources are limited. Females can adaptively adjust the egg ratio in response to environmental drivers prior to oviposition.

Reproductive Success
When resources are limited, the presence of trophic eggs greatly increases the maturation and survival rates of offspring. There are some species such as the subsocial burrower bug Canthophorus niveimarginatus (Heteroptera: Cydnidae) whose offspring cannot survive at all without the provision of trophic eggs. The nymphs starve to death because trophic eggs are the only thing they are able to feed on. However, when other suitable sources of food are plentiful, feeding on trophic eggs has little effect on brood success.

Sibling cannibalism, common in many spider species, is not affected by the proportion of trophic eggs, since viable eggs are oviposited and hatch synchronously, before trophic eggs are laid. In the spider Amaurobius ferox, trophic eggs are laid the day after spiderlings emerge from their egg sac. The mother’s reproductive behaviour is modified by the behaviour of her offspring, and their presence inhibits the second generation of eggs from maturing; instead they are released as infertile trophic eggs. Converting the second generation into food for the first ultimately boosts the mother’s reproductive success.

Evolutionary Theory
There are no concrete explanations for the evolution of trophic eggs. The two main conflicting arguments are:
 * 1) They are an evolved maternal phenotype
 * 2) They are simply a failed generation of offspring, produced as a result of reproductive stochasticity.

If they have evolved (and are now distinct) from functionless by-products of failed reproduction, then trophic eggs should be more easily available and provide more nutrients to the offspring than their evolutionary predecessors. There seems to be clear evidence of this adaptation in many species. This can be seen in mothers making an effort to distribute trophic eggs to their offspring; and/or eggs which are specialised for the nutritional needs of the offspring. However, in many species, the two types of egg are indistinguishable. Various hypotheses could potentially be tested to determine whether trophic eggs are indeed an evolved phenotype.

It has been suggested that trophic egg-laying evolved as a consequence of limited egg size, since larger eggs with more nutrient supply would require the mother to have a larger body size. Thus, the production of more eggs, some of which are not intended to reach maturity. It is relatively simple for the mother to adjust the ratio of fertilised to non-fertilised eggs, in response to environmental conditions.

An alternative to trophic egg-laying is sibling cannibalism; however this requires the mother to regulate the synchrony of hatching times. However in this case eggs which are not eaten would continue to develop. If it is difficult for the mother to achieve this synchrony, trophic eggs are a sensible alternative in ensuring that the offspring that hatches will be fed sufficiently.