User:Entohist/sandbox/Margaret Drummond

Margaret Drummond MBE FEIS (1871–1947) was a Scottish child psychologist, educator, pedagogue, suffragist, and advocate for pre-school nursery education. An early adopter and proponent of Montessori principles, as a lecturer at Moray House Drummond trained student teachers to recognise the importance of creativity and play in pre-school children and that strict enforcement of traditional classroom rules and punitive measures severely impact cognitive and emotional development. She was president of the Scottish branch of the New Education Fellowship and advisor to the Child Study Association of America. Known in Scotland as "The Toddlers' Friend", Drummond was recognised in her day as the pioneer of the nursery school movement in Scotland and was largely responsible for creating positive public perception of nursery school education and its importance in childhood development.

Early life and education
Margaret Drummond was born at 46 Gilmore Place, Edinburgh on the 18th April 1871 to the Reverend Robert Blackley Drummond (1833–1920) and Margaret Annie Menzies Drummond. She attended a private kindergarten at St Ronan's, Viewforth and later, George Watson's Ladies College. She then spent two years at St George's Training College. In 1892, Drummond was among the first women to matriculate at the University of Edinburgh graduating with a first-class honours degree in English with metaphysics.

Career
In 1904, Margaret and her brother, William, published a translation of Angelo Mosso's Fatigue. From 1909 to 1936, Drummond was a lecturer of psychology at Moray House.

As secretary and later vice-chairperson of the Nursery School Association of Great Britain, Drummond was largely responsible for convincing Local Education Authorities to provide dedicated nursery schools, as well as fundraising for privately operated "free kindergartens". Through her efforts, Edinburgh gained a reputation for excellence in pre-school education. Drummond was involved with opening the first nursery schools in Edinburgh, including the "free kindergarten" at Reid's Court, Canongate and at the house she was born in at 46 Gilmore Place, which was operated by Moray House as a teacher-training nursery school. Initially taking a purely Froebelian approach to education, at Reid's Court, Drummond experimented with Montessori apparatus with children, and published her findings in 1914. She went on to become a lifelong adherent to Montessorian principles and lecturer on their merit and implementation at Moray House and as an invited speaker across the UK, including at meetings of the British Association.

Family
Margaret Drummond's father, Robert Blackley Drummond was a Unitarian minister at St Mark's Church, Edinburgh. Her brother William Blackley Drummond was a physician at the Baldovan Institute and with whom she co-authored and co-translated several psychology texts. Her sister, Catherine Isabella Drummond was also one of the first women to matriculate at the University of Edinburgh. Catherine married the theologian Sydney Herbert Mellone, with whom Margaret co-authored a psychology textbook which became a standard text it the field.

Published Works

 * 1907 SH Mellone and M Drummond Elements of Psychology Wm. Blackwood. 483pp
 * 1914 Report of Experiment with Montessori Apparatus in the Free Kindergarten, Reid's Court, Canongate Provincial Training Centre, Edinburgh 39pp
 * 1914 ''Mentally Defective Children by Alfred Binet and TH Simon; authorized translation by WB Drummond; with an appendix containing the Binet-Simon tests of intelligence by Margaret Drummond and an introduction by Alexander Darroch. Edward Arnold, London. 179pp
 * 1918 Dawn of Mind: an Introduction to Child Psychology Edward Arnold, London. 179pp
 * 1921 Five Years Old or Thereabouts Edward Arnold, London. 180pp
 * 1922 The Psychology and Teaching of Number Harrap, London. 126pp
 * 1923 ''Some Contributions to Child Psychology, Edward Arnold, London. 151pp
 * 1929 J Drever and M Drummond.The Psychology of the Pre-School Child. Partridge, London. 222pp
 * 1931 The Gateways of Learning: an Educational psychology having special reference to the first years of school life. University of London Press. 190pp
 * 1932 AF McKenzie and M Drummond. Foundations in Arithmetic R Gibson and Sons Glasgow. 96pp
 * 1947 Learning Arithmetic by the Montessori Method Harrap, London. 63pp