User:Epant25/Kampala Convention

Contribution description for the page Kampala Convention. Finalized edits made 20 April 2020.

Introduction
Revised sentence within section to clarify drafting work. After editing rest of article, revised section completely to ensure reflection of all key points reflected in successive sections were addressed. Also added relevant references to the points made in this section. Added relevant page links. Added image.

History
Added historical context for internally displaced persons globally. Also provided information on prior legal works— former influential documents, and derivations of this. Provided information on current and prior-to-Convention statistics on IDPs in Africa, and major causes and factors contributing to this presently. Briefly expanded to this section by including post-Convention statistics. Determined it would be relevant to include this here and not in “Impact” section because of the lack of recent statistics in this section. Added relevant page links. Added image and connected to point made in section.

Organization
Added brief information on timeline of Convention. Changed name of this section and added a comprehensive list based on most AU’s most up-to-date document detailing ratification by member states. Added information about member states close to ratification or recently ratified but not included on AU’s list, as well. Added relevant page links.

Treaty contents
Provided definition of IDP. Additionally, gave a general principles of Convention, an order of the legal work, overview of key articles, and brief summaries of all of these. Added relevant page links. Added imag

Impact
Provided information on precedent of Convention, and in general— what historical and contemporary comparisons here yield. Additionally, provided information about current challenges to Convention practice, enforcement, and also gendered perspective of it. Added statistics corresponding to Convention impact, international developments related to the Convention, and a more comprehensive detailing of current criticisms and debate surrounding the convention in a new "Criticism, debate” section created. Added relevant page links. Added image and connected to point made in section.

Other additions of relevance:
Added images, added page links to article from pages such as internally displaced person, African Union, and Internally displaced persons in the United States, among others.

References Added

 * 1) Dieng, A. (2017). Protecting internally displaced persons: The value of the Kampala Convention as a regional example. International Review of the Red Cross, 99(904), 263-282.
 * 2) Guistiniani, F. Z. (2010). New hopes and challenges for the protection of IDPs in Africa: The Kampala convention for the protection and assistance of internally displaced persons in Africa. Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y, 39, 347.
 * 3) Asplet, M., & Bradley, M. (2012, December). Strengthened protection for internally displaced persons in Africa: The Kampala Convention comes into force. American Society of International Law.
 * 4) Maru, M. T. (2011). The Kampala Convention and its Contribution in Filling the Protection Gap in International Law. Journal of Internal Displacement, 1(1), 91-130. Chicago.
 * 5) Kälin, W., & Schrepfer, N. (2013). Internal displacement and the Kampala Convention: an opportunity for development actors. IDMC.
 * 6) Duchatellier, M., & Phuong, C. (2014). The African contribution to the protection of internally displaced persons: A commentary on the 2009 Kampala Convention. In Research Handbook on International Law and Migration. Edward Elgar Publishing.
 * 7) Groth, L. (2011). Engendering protection: An analysis of the 2009 Kampala Convention and its provisions for internally displaced women. International Journal of Refugee Law, 23(2), 221-251.
 * 8) dos Santos Soares, A. (2018). Protecting environmentally displaced persons under the Kampala Convention: a brief assessment. Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental, 9(1).
 * 9) Abebe, A. M. (2011, March). The Kampala Convention and environmentally induced displacement on Africa. In IOM Intersessional Workshop on Climate Change, Environmental Degradation and Migration (pp. 29-30).
 * 10) Ojeda, S. (2010). The Kampala convention on internally displaced persons: Some international humanitarian law aspects. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 29(3), 58-66.
 * 11) Adeola, R. (2018). The Kampala Convention and the right not to be arbitrarily displaced. Forced Migration Review, (59), 15-17.
 * 12) Stavropoulou, M. (2010). The Kampala Convention and protection from arbitrary displacement. Forced Migration Review, (36), 62
 * 13) Akpoghome, T. U. (2016). Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria and the Kampala Convention. RiA Recht in Afrika| Law in Africa| Droit en Afrique, 18(1), 58-77.
 * 14) African Union. (n.d.) African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa.African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36846-treaty-0039_-_kampala_convention_african_union_convention_for_the_protection_and_assistance_of_internally_displaced_persons_in_africa_e.pdf
 * 15) Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, (2019). Global Report on Internal Displacement 2019. IDMC. http://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/2019-IDMC-GRID.pdf
 * 16) International Committee of the Red Cross (2019, December 2). The Kampala Convention: Ten Recommendations Ten Years On. ICRC. https://shop.icrc.org/the-kampala-convention-key-recommendations-ten-years-on-3188.html?_ga=2.172367275.927513334.1587356895-876322533.1587356895
 * 17) Norwegian Refugee Council, (n.d.) The Kampala Convention: Make it work for women. NRC. https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/reports/the-kampala-convention---make-it-work-for-women.pdf
 * 18) African Union (2019). "List of Countries Which Have Signed, Ratified Accepted to the (Kampala Convention)" (PDF). African Union.
 * 19) United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees, (2019, November 2019). UNHCR welcomes Somalia's ratification of the Kampala Convention. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/press/2019/11/5dde4fb04/unhcr-welcomes-somalias-ratification-kampala-convention.html
 * 20) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, (2019, June 20). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2018. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/5d08d7ee7.pdf
 * 21) African Union, (2018, May). Migration policy framework for Africa and plan of action. African Union. https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/35956-doc-2018_m