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Niqqud
Niqqud is the system of dots the help determine vowels and consanants. In Hebrew, all forms of niqqud are often omitted in writing, except for children's books, prayer books, foreign words, and words which would be ambiguous to pronounce.

Shin and sin
Shin and sin are represent by the same letter,, but are two separate phonemes. They are not mutually allophonic. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin-dot or sin-dot; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter.

Dagesh
Historically, the consonants bet,  gimel,  dalet,   kaf,  pe and  tav each had two sounds: one hard (plosive consonant), and one soft (fricative consonant), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh, while the soft sounds lack a dagesh. In modern hebrew, however, the dagesh only changes the pronunciation of bet,  kaf,  pe, and  tav (tav only changes in Ashkenazic pronunciation).

* Only used in Ashkenazi prounciation. In Israeli Hebrew, it is always a tav, with a /t/ sound. **Letters, gimmel (ג), and dalet (ד) also contain dagesh (dotted) forms. However, they are not used in Modern Hebrew.

Vowels
Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, /i e a o u/, but many more written symbols for them:

Note Ⅰ: The letter "O" represents whatever Hebrew letter is used. Note Ⅱ: The dagesh, mappiq, and shuruk are different, however, they look the same. Note Ⅲ: The letter "ו" is used since it can only be represented by that letter.

Sh'va
By adding two vertical dots (called sh'va) underneth the letter, the vowel is made very short.

Gershayim
The symbol is called a gershayim and is a punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language to denote acronyms. It is written before the last letter in the acronym. Gershayim is also the name of a note of cantillation in the reading of the Torah, printed above the accented letter.

Loanwords
The sounds /tʃ, dʒ, ʒ/, written 'ז', ג' , צ, are found in many loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary, even among people who don't know the source languages. In addition, there are ways of writing some sounds in words that are truly foreign, not part of Israeli Hebrew:

Same pronunciation
In Israel's general population, many consonants have merged to the same pronunciation. They are: